ТИПОВОЙ ВИД

СИНОНИМИЯ

ОСНОВНЫЕ СИНОНИМЫ

1. Myrmecina Curtis, 1829: 226. Типовой вид: Myrmecina latreillii Curtis, по монотипии. Причём, типовой вид Myrmecina latreillii Curtis, есть младший синоним таксона Formica (Myrmecina) graminicola Latreille.
2. Archaeomyrmex Mann, 1921: 448. Типовой вид: Archaeomyrmex cacabau Mann, оригинальным указанием. Archaeomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Archaeomyrmecini: Mann, 1921: 449; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 663. Синонимия: Brown, W.L. 1971a: 1.

1. Myrmecina in Poneridae, Myrmicidae: Smith, F. 1858b: 132.
2. Myrmecina in Myrmicidae: Smith, F. 1871a: 327; Cresson, 1887: 261.
3. Myrmecina in Myrmicidae, Myrmicidae: Emery, 1877a: 81.
4. Myrmecina in Myrmicinae: Mayr, 1855: 420 [Myrmicidae]; Mayr, 1861: 73 [Myrmicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 21 [Myrmicidae]; Emery & Forel, 1879a: 457 [Myrmicidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 61.
5. Myrmecina in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini: Emery, 1895j: 769; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 139.
6. Myrmecina in Myrmicinae, Myrmecinini: Ashmead, 1905b: 383; Emery, 1912b: 105; Emery, 1914a: 41; Forel, 1917: 244; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 663; Emery, 1924d: 230; all subsequent authors.

СИСТЕМАТИ-ЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ

Признаки трибы Myrmecinini (по Bolton, 2003)

• Anterior margin of labrum angled abruptly downward preapically so that margin appears very thick in anterior view
• Labrum mediodorsally, at line of downcurvature (apparent anterior margin), with a transverse cuticular raised ridge, or a series of 2-3 small teeth, or both of these

БИОЛОГИЯ

• Гнезда в большинстве случае в почве. Могут быть под камнями, в гнилой древесине.
• Мелкие криптобионтные муравьи с малочисленными колониями.
• Обнаружена функциональная моногиния (Baroni Urbani, 1970).
• На двух азиатских видах показано, что они акарофаги (Masuko 1995). The ants in this genus are predators on mites (Brown, W.L. 2000: 58, in Agosti, Majer, et.al., Ants standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity).

МОРФОЛОГИЯ

• Мелкие (общая длина 2-3 мм).
• Коричневые вплоть до черного с боле светлыми притдатками.
• Глаза мелкие, малозаметные.
• Мезосома короткая и коренастая; спереди шире, чем сзади. Humeri of pronotum angulate.
• Проподеум с двумя парами шипиков.
• Петиоль корткий и субцилиндрический; без узелка-чешуйки и без переднего стебелька.
• СХОДНЫЕ РОДА. Пара шипиков на проподеуме и субцилиндрический петиоль делают этот род легко идентифицируемым. У родов Myrmica и Tetramorium имеется общеее сходство, но на проподеуме у этих родов только 1 пара шипиков и на петиоле наблюдается небольшой выступ-узелок (upright petiolar scale).
• Усики 12-члениковые.
• Aphaenogaster phalangium complex

РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ

• На сегодня род Myrmecina включает около 40 видов (список смотрите ниже), распространенных почти всесветно, их нет в тропической Африке, Южной Америке и Мадагаскаре.
• Зоогеографические регионы: Neotropical (Центральная Америка), Nearctic, Palearctic, Oriental, Indo-Australian, Australasian.
• В Неарктике (Мексика, юг США) известен 1 вид: Myrmecina americana Emery, 1895
  
• В Австралии известно 4-5 видов и подвидов.
  
• Новая Гвинея - около 6 таксонов. Индии - 3 вида.

• Myrmecina graminicola
• Myrmecina sicula Andre, 1881

ФАУНА МИРА

ХРОМОСОМЫ

ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПО ФАУНЕ, ЭКОЛОГИИ И СИСТЕМАТИКЕ

Род Myrmecina упоминается в 393 статьях (в том числе в заголовках 30 статей), использованной здесь базы Formis-2003. Среди них 3 диссертации по этому роду:

1. Baroni Urbani, C. (1968). "Domination et monogynie fonctionnelle dans une societe digynique de Myrmecina graminicola Latr." Insect. Soc. 15: 407-412.
   Regular observation of a digynic experimental colony of Myrmecina graminicola showed the existence of a dominance order between the two females. The aggressive behaviour of female a towards female b depends on the presence of larvae and workers, but the latter do not take any part in the choice or elimination of the supernumerary queen as has already been observed for other species.
   
   
2. Baroni Urbani, C. (1970). "Ueber die funktionelle Monogynie der Ameise Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.)." Insect. Soc. 17: 219-221.
   [= Functional monogyny of the ant, Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.)]. Functional monogyny is very difficult to demonstrate in ants because of the great behavioural plasticity of these animals. Baroni Urbani (1969) observed in Myrmecina graminicola 3 of the five features which are characteristic of this behaviour according to the Pardi's classical works on wasps. In spite of the abundant literature data, these represent the most complete documentation in ants. However, they are supported also by a work of Buschinger (1967) who found another character of functional monogyny in Leptothorax gredleri.
   
   
3. Brown, W. L., Jr. (1967). "Studies on North American ants. II. Myrmecina." Entomol. News 78: 233-240.
   
   
4. Buschinger, A. (1970). "Zur Frage der Monogynie oder Polygynie bei Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.) (Hym., Form.)." Insect. Soc. 17: 177-181.
   = The question of monogyny or polygyny in Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
   
   
5. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1953). "Studies of New Mexico ants. VI. The genera Monomorium, Solenopsis, Myrmecina, and Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [concl.]." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 28: 316.
   
   
6. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1953). "Studies of New Mexico ants. VI. The genera Monomorium, Solenopsis, Myrmecina, and Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [part]." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 28: 299-300.
   
   
7. Donisthorpe, H. (1931). "A captive colony of Myrmecina graminicola Latr." Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London 6: 46-47.
   
   
8. Donisthorpe, H. (1937). "The end of a captive colony of Myrmecina graminicola, Latr." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 49: 126.
   
   
9. Donisthorpe, H. (1941). "Myrmecina graminicola, Fabr. (Hym. Formicidae) at Heston." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 53: 21.
   
   
10. Espadaler, X. and M. Baez (1993). "Myrmecina graminicola (Latr., 1802) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Madeira." Bocagiana 167: 1-3.
    
    
11. Ito, F. (1996). "Colony characteristics of the Indonesian myrmicine ant Myrmecina sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): polygynous reproduction by ergatoid queens." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89: 550-554.
    
    
12. Kvamme, T. and F. Midtgaard (1984). "Myrmecina graminicola (Latreille, 1802) (Hym., Formicidae) new to the Norwegian fauna. [in Norwegian]." Fauna Norv. Ser. B 31: 64-65.
    Myrmecina graminicola (Latreille, 1802) is reported new to the Norwegian fauna, with a short description of the locality.
    
    
13. Masuko, K. (1995 ("1994")). "Specialized predation on oribatid mites by two species of the ant genus Myrmecina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Psyche 101: 159-173.
    
    
14. Murakami, T., L. Wang, et al. (2000). "Mating frequency, genetic structure, and sex ratio in the intermorphic female producing ant species Myrmecina nipponica." Ecol. Entomol. 25: 341-347.
    1. Myrmecina nipponica has two types of colonies: a queen colony type, in which the reproductive females are queens and new colonies are made by independent founding, and an intermorphic female colony type, in which reproductive females belong to wingless intermediate morphology between queen and worker, and where colonies multiply through colonial budding. 2. The mating frequencies of reproductive females in both types indicate monoandry. The relatedness among nestmates in both types was almost 0.75, however relatedness between mother and daughter in intermorphic female colonies was slightly higher than that of queen colonies. 3. The sex ratio (corrected investment female ratio) was 0.70 at the population level, suggesting that the sex ratio is controlled by workers in this species, however the ratio differed greatly between the two types of colonies. Queen colonies (n = 37) had a female- biased sex ratio of 0.77 while intermorphic female colonies (n = 33) had a ratio of 0.56. 4. Each reproductive intermorphic female was accomplished by an average of 2.9 workers (including virgin intermorphic females) in the colonial budding, and when the investment to those workers was added to the female investment, the sex ratio reached 0.81. 5. The frequency distribution of sex ratio was bimodal, with many colonies producing exclusively males or females, however mean estimated relatedness within colonies was almost 0.75. These data are inconsistent with the genetic variation hypothesis, which is one of the predominant hypotheses accounting for the between-colony variation in sex ratio.
    
    
15. Ohkawara, K., F. Ito, et al. (1993). "Production and reproductive function of intercastes in Myrmecina graminicola nipponica colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 40: 1-10.
    
    
16. Onoyama, K. (1997). "Taxonomic notes on the ant Myrmecina nipponica Wheeler stat. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Res. Bull. Obihiro Univ. Nat. Sci. 20: 151-153, Parallel pagination p. 49-51.
    
    
17. Poisson, R. (1942). "Contribution а la tetratologie des insectes. Sur un individu anormal de Myrmecina graminicola Latreille, porteur d'une patte surnumeraire a l'extremite de l'abdomen." Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 76: 239-243.
    
    
18. Prince, A. J. (1995). "Alates of Myrmecina graminicola (Latr.) (Hym., Formicidae) observed leaving a Lasius flavus (F.) nest in a Somerset garden." Entomol.' Mon. Mag. 131: 257.
    
    
19. Rigato, F. (1999). "Myrmecina melonii n. sp., a new ant from Sardinia, with a review of the West Palaearctic Myrmecina (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 131: 83-92.
    *[M. melonii n. sp. is a probable Sardinian endemic, is described. M. graminicola (Latreille, 1802) = M. graminicola var. dentata Santschi, 1939 syn.n., = M. graminicola subsp. oelandica Karavaiev, 1930 syn.n., = M. graminicola subsp. gotlandica Karavaiev, 1930 syn.n. M. atlantis Santschi, 1939 stat. n. is considered a valid species, and M. sicula Andre, 1882 is confirmed as a well differentiated taxon.]
    
    
20. Skott, C. (1973). "Nye danske fund af myrerne Stenamma westwoodi Westw. og Myrmecina graminicola Latr. (Hym., Formicidae)." Flora Fauna 79: 11.
    = New Danish discovery of Stenamma westwoodi Westw. and Myrmecina graminicola Latr. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
    
    
21. Smith, M. R. (1948). "A new species of Myrmecina from California (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 50: 238-240.
    
    
22. Snelling, R. R. (1965). "Studies on California ants. 2. Myrmecina californica M. R. Smith (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)." Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 64: 101-105.
    
    
23. Taylor, R. W. (1980). "The rare Fijian ant Myrmecina (=Archaeomyrmex) cacabau (Mann) rediscovered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." N. Z. Entomol. 7: 122-123.
    
    
24. Terayama, M. (1985). "Two new species of the ant genus Myrmecina (Insecta; Hymenoptera; Formicidae) from Japan and Taiwan." Edaphologia 32: 35-40.
    *[2 n. sp. are described; Myrmecina flava from Japan and Myrmecina taiwana rom Taiwan.]
    
    
25. Tiwari, R. N. (1994). "Two new species of a little known genus Myrmecina Curtis from Kerala, India." Rec. Zool. Surv. India 94: 151-158.