Добавлено 21-01-2005 

ArmyAntBiblio: Библиография по муравьям-кочевникам

ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПО БИОЛОГИИ, ЭКОЛОГИИ, ФАУНЕ И СИСТЕМАТИКЕ муравьев-кочевников Dorylinae, Ecitoninae и другим

1758 - 2004

Здесь я подобрал в базе Formis-2003 (где около 1000 ссылок содержат упоминание о кочевых муравьях, в том числе 667 - о роде Eciton и 302 - о роде Dorylus) главные работы по муравьям-кочевникам (=394 статей, монографий и книг), и пользуясь случаем, хочу выразить благодарность доктору Barry Bolton за присланные им несколько оттисков его статей. Честно говоря, открытием для меня стали 28 статей Эдвина Уиллиса (Willis Edwin O., 1981-1992) из Бразильского университета в Сан-Пауло (Dept. de Zool., Univ. Estad. de Sao Paulo - UNESP, Rio Charo, Sao Paulo) по птицам, сопровождающим колонны муравьев-кочевников.

• Borgmeier, T. (1955). "Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region" Stud. Entomol. 3: 1-720.
  
  
• Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1995) "Army Ants: The Biology of Social Predation" (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY - pp.1-302).
  
  
• Raignier, A. and J. K. A. v. Boven (1955). "Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belge Nouv. Ser. Quarto Sci. Zool. 2: 1-359.
  
  
• Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1963) "Behavioral studies of army ants" (Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 44, 281–465.)
  
  
• Schneirla, T. C. (1971) "Army Ants: A Study in Social Organization" (W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco - pp.1-349).
  
  
• Watkins, J. F., II. (1976) "The Identification and Distribution of New World Army Ants (Dorylinae: Formicidae)" (Baylor Univ. Press, Waco, TX - pp.1-102).
  
  

1. Захаров А. А. (1989). "Номадная территориальность у муравьев рода Eciton (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" // Зоол. журн. 1989. Т. 68, № 12. С. 47 – 56.
   
   
2. Akre, R. D. (1965). The behavior of insects associated with army ants with emphasis on chemical trails, Ph.D. dissert., Kansas State University, 126 p. [Dissert. Abstr. 26: 300]
   
   
3. Akre, R. D. (1968). "The behavior of Euxenister and Pulvinister , histerid beetles associated with army ants (Coleoptera: Histeridae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Pan-Pac. Entomol. 44: 87-101.
   
   
4. Akre, R. D. and H. C. Reed (1984). Biology and distribution of social Hymenoptera. Insect poisons, allergens, and other invertebrate venoms. A. T. Tu. NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2: 3-47.
   
   
5. Akre, R. D. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1966). "Behavior of Staphylinidae associated with army ants (Formicidae: Ecitonini)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 39: 745-782.
   
   
6. Akre, R. D. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1968). "Trail-following by guests of army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitonini)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 41: 165-174.
   
   
7. Akre, R. D. and R. L. Torgerson (1968). "The behavior of Diploeciton nevermanni , a staphylinid beetle associated with army ants." Psyche 75: 211-215.
   
   
8. Akre, R. D. and R. L. Torgerson (1969). "Behavior of Vatesus beetles associated with army ants (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Pan-Pac. Entomol. 45: 269-281.
   
   
9. Arnold, G. (1915). "A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae." Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 1-159.
   
   
10. Arnold, G. (1916). "A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae." Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 159-270.
    
    
11. Arnold, G. (1953). "Notes on a female Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans Ill. taken with workers." J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. 16: 141-142.
    
    
12. Ashmead, W. H. (1906). "Classification of the foraging and driver ants, or Family Dorylidae, with a description of the genus Ctenopyga Ashm." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 8: 21-31.
    
    
13. Bagneres, A. G., J. P. J. Billen, et Morgan, E.D. (1991). "Volatile secretion of Dufour gland of workers of an army ant, Dorylus (Anomma) molestus." J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 1633-1639.
    Исследована Дюфурова железа рабочих Dorylus (Anomma) molestus, в которой найдены гл.обр. линейные алкены и алканы, с преобладанием (Z)- 9-tricosene и tricosane (более 70%). Железы сравнительно мелкие с небольшим наличием (менее нанограмма) дигидрофарнезола. Мелкие (Minima), средние и крупные рабочие Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans содержат сходный спектр веществ.
    
    
14. Barr, D., J. K. A. Boven van, et Gotwald, W.H., Jr. (1985). "Phenetic studies of African army ant queens of the genus Dorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Syst. Entomol. 10: 1-10.
    
    
15. Barr, D. and W. H. Gotwald, Jr. (1982). "Phenetic affinities of males of the army ant genus Dorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Can. J. Zool. 60: 2652-2658.
    
    
16. Bartholomew, G. A., J. R. B. Lighton, et al. (1988). "Energetics of trail-running, load carriage, and emigration in the column-raiding army ant Eciton hamatum." Physiol. Zool. 61: 57-68.
    
    
17. Berghoff, S. M., A. Weissflog, Linsenmair, K.E., Hashim, R.,bin and Maschwitz, U. (2002). "Foraging of a hypogaeic army ant: a long neglected majority." Insect. Soc. 49(2): 133-141.
    Кочевые муравьи исследуются уже более 100 лет. Но в основном все данные касаются надземных видов, в то время как подземные кочевники (hypogaeic) остаются практически не исследованными. Используя palm oil baits, trail excavations и лабораторные наблюдения авторы изучили в Малайзии подземного кочевого муравья Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus. D. laevigatus was found to construct stable hypogaeic trunk trail systems providing quick and easy access to all parts of its foraging area. Small column raids were conducted throughout the ground stratum and above the ground surface. These raids were caste specific, with the smallest workers predominantly following existing cracks and tunnels in the soil. In case of food location, larger workers were recruited from nearby trunk trails. Exploratory trails leading to prey had to be widened before larger workers could gain access and help to process the food. Bulky food sources such as baits or termite mounds could be exploited over several weeks to months. Besides raiding in columns, D. laevigatus came occasionally to the ground surface at night to conduct swarm raids. This combination of swarm and column raids with the use of trunk trails has never been demonstrated for a classical army ant species. The omnipresence of D. laevigatus within its foraging area stands in sharp contrast to epigaeicly active species, characterized by a very localized and temporary presence at foraging sites. D. laevigatus stayed in the same foraging area for several weeks to months. Having a broad diet and the ability to exploit bulky food sources over long periods of time, D. laevigatus seems to follow a sustainable use of the soil fauna. Summing up these particularities demonstrates a remarkable divergence of the hypogaeic foraging of D. laevigatus from that of epigaeicly foraging army ant species.
    
    
18. Billen, J. P. J. (1985). "Comparative ultrastructure of the poison and Dufour glands in Old and New World army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 2: 17-26.
    Исследована ультраструктура ядовитой и Дюфуровой желез у 5 Африканских кочевников (Anomma, Dorylus) и у одного американского - Eciton burchelli. Секреторные клетки ядовитой железы у обоих групп харатеризуются очень хорошо развитым гранулированным эндоплазматическим ретикулумом, доказывая протеиновую природу их яда. The Dufour gland epithelium in the Dorylinae has a conspicuous crenellate appearance at its apical side and shows numerous basal invaginations. The Ecitoninae, on the other hand, have a very uniform epithelium without such invaginations, but are characterized by numerous foldings of the lateral cell membranes. Эти явные отличия в морфологии Дюфуровой железы кочевников Старого и Нового Света доказывают дифилетичную эволюцию муравьев-кочевников. Proceedings of the IUSSI French Section, Annual Meeting, 19-22 Sept 1984, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
    
    
19. Billen, J. P. J. (1986). "Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomol. Gen. 11: 165-181.
    
    
    Дюфурова железа у муравьев essentially is a sac-like reservoir which is lined by a monolayered glandular epithelium. Железистые клетки харатеризуются очень хорошо развитым гладким эндоплазматическим ретикулумом и многочисленными, но мелкими митохондриями. Numerous multilamellar inclusions probably represent some stage of secretion. Значительные различия, однако, наблюдаются в клеточной организации и ещё в нескольких подсемействах муравьев, как было показано сравнительным изучением 60 видов 8 подсемейств. Простой эпителиум без специальных модификаций был найден у большинства исследованных Myrmicinae и Ponerinae. У африканских Dorylinae эпителиум был crenellated appearance and numerous basal invaginations, в то время как у американских кочевников Ecitoninae have a very uniform epithelium with a basal alyer of membrane foldings. Подсемейства Myrmeciinae, Pseudomyrmecinae и Dolichoderinae, каждое демонстрирует разные виды apical microvilli, а подсемейство Formicinae имеет характерный subcuticular layer of mitochondria and a very thick basement membrane.
    
    
20. Billen, J. P. J. (1992). Origin of the trail pheromone in Ecitoninae: a behavioural and morphological examination. Biology and evolution of social insects. J. P. J. Billen. Leuven. ix + 390 p., Leuven University Press: 203-209.
    
    
21. Billen, J. (1997). "Morphology and ultrastructure of the metatibial gland in the army ant Dorylus molestus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Belg. J. Zool. 127: 159-166.
    
    
22. Billen, J. P. J. and J. K. A. v. Boven (1987). "The metapleural gland in Old World army ants: a morphological and ultrastructural description (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Rev. Zool. Afr. (Tervuren) 101: 31-41.
    Парные метаплевральные железы у муравьев локализоаны в задней части метаторакса. Each gland consists of a cluster of secretory cells, that open into a sac-like atrium by means of individual duct cells. У африканских Dorylinae имеется от 40 до 50 секреторных клеток. Их цитоплазма характеризуется очень хорошо развитой гладкой эндоплазматической сетью и многочисленными митохондриями. An intracellular end apparatus carries the secretion into the duct cells, that eventually open through the anterior part of the heavily sclerotized atrium. The atrium in turn communicates with the outside through a wide slit-like lateral opening situated above the hindleg coxa. Due to the rigidity of the atrial wall and the very wide opening to the outside, secretion freely flows out of the gland. Continuous release of secretion согласуется с их антисептическими свойствами, которые защищают муравьев и их гнезда от микроорганизмов.
    
    
23. Billen, J. and B. Gobin (1996). "Trail following in army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Neth. J. Zool. 46: 272-280.
    Муравьи-кочевники формируют массовые колонны идущие по следовым феромонам. Муравьи Eciton burchelli (Ecitoninae) продуцируют очень устойчивые метки с помощью феромонов, выделяемых из специализированного эпителия на 7-ом абдоминальном стерните. У вида Dorylus molestus (Dorylini) наоборот неустойчивые и короткие следовые метки, выделяемые из ядовитой железы. У вида Aenictus sp, близкого к laeviceps (Aenictini), секреты хорошоразвитой постпигидиальных желез формируют длинные и устойчивые следовые феромоны (the long-lasting trail pheromone), которые химически идентифицируются у этого вида как 2-х компонентная система из methyl nicotinate (1% от всех секретов этой железы), вещества, заставляющего муравьев бежать по следу, и methyl anthranilate (99%), составляющего основу следовых меток.
    
    
24. Billen, J. P. J. and W. H. Gotwald, Jr. (1988). "The crenellate lining of the Dufour gland in the genus Aenictus: a new character for interpreting the phylogeny of Old World army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae)." Zool. Scr. 17: 293-295.
    Исследована Дюфурова железа и её эпителий муравьев-кочевников рода Aenictus. Обнаружено, что она имеет crenellate appearance - состояние ранее описанное только у африканских Dorylus. Этот признак, ещё раз указывает на наличие общих предков у родов Aenictus и Dorylus, и необходимость помещения их в единое подсемейство Dorylinae, и то, что трифилетическая эволюция кочевников видимо, маловероятна.
    
    
25. Birket-Smith, S. J. R. (1981). "The male genitalia of Hymenoptera - a review based on morphology in Dorylidae (Formicoidea)." Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 15: 377-397.
    Обзор строения мужских гениталий у Перепончатокрылых со специальным рассмотрением всех особенностей у самцов кочевых муравьев (gonocoxae, gonostyli, gonapophyses), которые трактуются как отдельное семейство Dorylidae (Formicoidea). Сравнение схем генерализированных моделей Boulange (1924) и Snodgrass (1941). Список терминов.
    
    
26. Blum, M. S. and C. A. Portocarrero (1964). "Chemical releasers of social behavior - IV. The hindgut as the source of the odor trail pheromone in the Neotropical army ant genus Eciton." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 793-794.
    
    
27. Blum, M. S. and H. R. Hermann (1978). Venoms and venom apparatuses of the Formicidae: Myrmeciinae, Ponerinae, Doylinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Myrmicinae, and Formicinae. Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. 48: 801-869.
    
    
28. Bodot, P. (1961). "La destruction des termitieres de Bellicositermes natalensis Hav. par une fourmi Dorylus (Typhlopone) dentifrons Wasmann." C. R. Acad. Sci. 253: 3053-3054.
    
    
29. Bolton, B. (1990). Abdominal characters and status of the cerapachyine ants. Journal of Natural History 24: 53-68.
    
    
30. Bolton, B. (1990). Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section. Journal of Natural History 24: 1339-1364.
    
    
31. Bolton, B. (1992). [Untitled. Subfamily Leptanilloidinae Bolton, new subfamily.], P. 317 in: Baroni Urbani, C., Bolton, B., Ward, P.S. The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 17:301-329.
    
    
32. Bolton, B. (1994). "Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World." - Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. - 222 pp.
    
    
33. Bolton, B. (1995). "A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World." - Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. - 504 pp.
    
    
34. Bolton, B. (2003). Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. 370 pp. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, Vol. 71. Gainesville, FL.
    
    
35. Borgmeier, T. (1923). "Catalogo systematico e synonymico das formigas do Brasil. 1 parte. Subfam. Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae." Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio J. 24: 33-103.
    
    
36. Borgmeier, T. (1936). "Sobre algumas formigas dos generos Eciton e Cheliomyrmex (Hym. Formicidae)." Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. (Rio J.) 3: 51-68.
    
    
37. Borgmeier, T. (1950). "Uma nova especie do gкnero Neivamyrmex Borgmeier (Hym. Formicidae)." Rev. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 21: 623-624.
    
    
38. Borgmeier, T. (1953). "Vorarbeiten zu einer Revision der neotropischen Wanderameisen." Stud. Entomol. 2: 1-51.
    
    
39. Borgmeier, T. (1954). "Aenictini n. trib. und die Tribus-Einteilung der Dorylinen (Hym. Formicidae)." Zool. Anz. 153: 211-214.
    
    
40. Borgmeier, T. (1955). "Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region." Stud. Entomol. 3: 1-720.
    
    
41. Borgmeier, T. (1956). "Revision der ecitophilen Gattung Mimophites fauvel, nebst beschreibung einer neuen Gattung aus Bolivien (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 16: 1-16.
    
    
42. Borgmeier, T. (1956). "Ueber Rassen bei Eciton (Hym. Formicidae)." Rev. Brasil. Entomol. 4: 209-212.
    
    
43. Borgmeier, T. (1957). "Die Maxillar- und Labialtaster der neotropischen Dorylinen (Hym. Formicidae)." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 387-394.
    
    
44. Borgmeier, T. (1958). "Nachtraege zu meiner Monographie der neotropischen Wanderameisen (Hym. Formicidae)." Stud. Entomol. (n.s.)1: 197-208.
    
    
45. Borgmeier, T. (1958). "Neue Beitraege zur Kenntnis der ecitophilen Staphyliniden (Col.)." Stud. Entomol. 1: 225-246.
    
    
46. Borgmeier, T. (1958). "Neue Beitraege zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Phoriden (Diptera, Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 1: 305-406.
    
    
47. Borgmeier, T. (1959). "Nota previa sobre alguns Coleуpteros ecitуfilos da familia Staphylinidae." Bol. Mus. Nac. Zool. Rio J. N.S. 214: 1-15.
    
    
48. Borgmeier, T. (1961). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ecitophilen Staphyliniden-Gattung Vateus Sharp, Nebst Beschreibung van Sieben Neue Arten (Col. Staphylinidae)." Ann. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 33: 189-202.
    
    
49. Borgmeier, T. (1961). "Weitere Beitraege zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Phoriden, nebst Beschreibung einiger Dohrnipora - Arten aus der indoaustralischen Region (Diptera, Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 4: 1-112.
    
    
50. Borgmeier, T. (1963). "Revision of the North American phorid flies. Part I. The Phorinae, Aenigmatiinae, and Metopininae, except Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 6: 1-256.
    
    
51. Borgmeier, T. (1968). "A catalogue of the Phoridae of the world (Diptera, Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 11: 1-367.
    
    
52. Borgmeier, T. (1969). "Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica: The Phoridae of Dominica (Diptera)." Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 23: 1-69.
    
    
53. Borgmeier, T. (1969). "New or little-known phorid flies, mainly of the Neotropical region (Diptera: Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 12: 33-132.
    
    
54. Borgmeier, T. (1971). "Further studies on phorid flies, mainly of the Neotropical Region (Diptera, Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 14: 1-172.
    
    
55. Borgmeier, T. (1971). "List of scientific papers published by Thomas Borgmeier between the years 1920 and 1971." Stud. Entomol. 14: 349-368.
    
    
56. Borgmeier, T. (1971). "Supplement to a catalog of the Phoridae of the world (Diptera, Phoridae)." Stud. Entomol. 14: 177-224.
    
    
57. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1953). Populatie physiologie en variabiliteit binnen het subgenus Anomma en haar terugslag op de taxonomie (Hym. Form.), Licentiaatsthesis Univ. Leuven, 200 p. (UNPUBL. DISSERTATION).
    
    
58. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1961). "Le polymorphisme dans la caste d'ouvriиres de la fourmi voyageuse: Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Emery (Hym. Formicidae)." Publ. Natuurhist. Genoot. Limburg 12: 36-45.
    
    
59. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1967). "La femelle de Dorylus fimbriatus et termitarius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Natuurhist. Maandbl. 56: 55-60.
    
    
60. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1968). "La reine de Dorylus (Anomma) kohli Wasmann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Nat. Can. (Que) 95: 731-739.
    
    
61. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1975). "Deux nouvelles reines du genre Dorylus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 33: 189-199.
    
    
62. Brady, S. 2003. Evolution of the army ant syndrome: the origin and long-term evolutionary stasis of a complex of behavioral and reproductive adaptations. PNAS 100(11): 6575-6579.
    
    
63. Brandao, C. R. F., J. L. M. Diniz, D. Agosti, and J. H. Delabie. 1999. Revision of the Neotropical ant subfamily Leptanilloidinae. Systematic Entomology 24: 17-36.
    
    
64. Brauns, J. (1901). "Ueber die Lebensweise von Dorylus und Aenietus [sic]. (Hym.)." Z. Syst. Hymenopterol. Dipterol. 1: 14-17.
    
    
65. Brauns, J. (1903). "Ueber das Weibchen von Dorylus (Rhogmus) fimbriatus Shuck. (Hym.)." Z. Syst. Hymenopterol. Dipterol. 3: 294-298.
    
    
66. Britton, N. F., L. W. Partridge, et Franks N.R. (1996). "A mathematical model for the population dynamics of army ants." Bull. Math. Biol. 58(3): 471-492.
    A stochastic cellular automata model for the population dynamics of the army ant Eciton burchelli on Barro Colorado Island in Panama is set up. It is simulated on the computer and shown to give good agreement with biological data. It is analysed using two approximations akin to the mean field approximation in statistical mechanics, and good agreement with the simulations is obtained. Finally, the role of distance between successive statary phase bivouacs is discussed with regard to the rate of colony growth. There are two aspects of the biological system studied here that make it of general importance. First, the population is structured, since the size of each colony of army ants is crucial. Second, the spatial behaviour of the population, as in many others, is not diffusion-like, although it is random. This has implications for the kind of model that is chosen.
    
    
67. Britton, N., L. Partridge, et Franks N.R. (1999). "A Model of Survival Times for Predator Populations: The Case of Army Ants." Bull. Math. Biol. 61: 469-482.
    
    
68. Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener, Jr. (1998). "Parasitic phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae, Dorylinae) and their conservation biology." Biotropica 30: 482-487.
    
    
69. Brown, W. L., Jr. (1952 ("1951")). "New synonymy in the army ant genus Aenictus Schuckard." Psyche 58: 123.
    
    
70. Brown, W. L., Jr. (1958 ("1957")). "The army ant Aenictus exiguus Clark a synonym." Psyche 64: 5. *[A. deuqueti & A. exiguus are synonyms of Aenictus turneri.]
    
    
71. Brown, W. L., Jr. 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. 5. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture 5. Entomology (Ithaca) 15: 1-115.
    
    
72. Bruch, C. (1924). "Descripciуn de la reina Eciton (Acamatus) Hetschkoi Mayr." Physis 7: 232-235.
    
    
73. Bruch, C. (1934). "Breves observaciones sobre costumbres de Eciton (Holopone) dulcius For. var. jujuyensis For. y decripciуn del macho (Hym. Formic.)." Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 6: 261-265.
    
    
74. Bruch, C. (1934). "Las formas femeninas de Eciton. Descripciуn y redescripciуn de algunas especies de la Argentina." An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 118: 113-135.
    
    
75. Brues, C. T. (1902). "New and little-known guests of the Texan legionary ants." Am. Nat. 36: 365-378.
    
    
76. Burgeon, L. (1924). "Les fourmis "Siafu" du Congo (Dorylus Wilverthi)." Bull. Cercle Zool. Congolais 1: 63-66.
    
    
77. Buschinger, A., C. Peeters, et Crozier, R. H. (1990 ("1989")). "Life-pattern studies of an Australian Sphinctomyrmex (Formicidae: Ponerinae; Cerapachyini): functional polygyny, brood periodicity and raiding behavior." Psyche 96: 287-300.
    
    
78. Caetano, F. H. (1991). "Occurrence of legionary ants, Labidus praedator (Hymenoptera Ecitoninae) attacking the corn weevil (Sitophylus sp.)." An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 20: 453-455.
    
    
79. Campione, B. M., J. A. Novak, et al. (1983). "Taxonomy and morphology of the West African army ant, Aenictus asantei n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 873-883.
    Описан по рабочим и маткам новый вид из Западной Африки - Aenictus asantei. Их рабочие отличаются от всех Африканских видов рода следующими признаками: крупным размером, наличием зубчиков на переднем крае клипеуса, и морщинистостью задних двух третей груди. Матка стала только 4-ой описанной в роде, что были найдены в Африке южнее Сахары, и уникально отличается от других присутствием medial ocellus. У других маток Aenictus вообще нет ни глаз ни оцеллий. Приведено детальное гистологическое описание внутренней морфологии рабочих. Вид Aenictus asantei охотится на муравьев рода Pheidole sp.
    
    
80. Chadab, R. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1975). "Mass recruitment by army ants." Science 188: 1124-1125.
    A single army ant (Ecitoninae) can attract and direct scores of workers to prey by means of a chemical trail and momentary contact between the recruiter and workers on a raid column. Recruited workers, in turn, attract more ants, resulting in a continuous stream of recruits. While the recruitment mechanism is basically similar, the speed and the number of ants recruited are greater for army ants than for other ants.
    
    
81. Chadab Crepet, R. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1982). Comparative behavior of social wasps when attacked by army ants or other predators and parasites. The Biology of social insects. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Boulder, Colorado, August 1982. M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener and H. E. Evans. Boulder, Colorado. 420 p., Westview Press: 270-274.
    
    
82. Chadab, R. (1980). Army-ant predation on social wasps, Ph.D. dissert., University of Connecticut, 275 p. *[Eciton, Labidus, & Nomamyrmex are documented to raid social wasp nests, Neivamyrmex is not] [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 40: 5528]
    
    
83. Chapman, J. W. (1965 ("1964")). "Studies on the ecology of the army ants of the Philippines genus Aenictus Schuckard (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Philipp. J. Sci. 93: 551-595.
    
    
84. Cohic, F. (1948). "Observations morphologiques et ecologiques sur Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans Illiger (Hymenoptera, Dorylidae)." Rev. Fr. Entomol. 14: 229-276.
    
    
85. Darlington, J. P. E. C. (1985). "Attacks by doryline ants and termite nest defences (Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Isoptera; Termitidae)." Sociobiology 11: 189-200.
    
    
86. de Andrade, M. L. (1998). "First description of fossil Acanthostichus from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 71: 269-274.
    
    
87. De Andrade, M. L. (1998). "Fossil and extant species of Cylindromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Rev. Suisse Zool. 105: 581-664.
    Установлено 10 современных и 2 ископаемых вида. Разбор синонимии. Lots of stuff was misidentified as C. striatus. H. whymperi = C. whymperi. C. schmidti (in part), C. striatus v. tibialis, & C. williamsi are n.syn. of C. whymperi. Описаны новые для науки виды: C. antillanus sp.n., C. electrinus sp.n., C. escobari sp.n. Вымершие виды C. antillanus и C. electrinus обнаружены в Доминиканском янтаре. C. schmidti (in part) & C. parallelus are n.syn. of C. meinerti.
    
    
88. Disney, R. H. L. and D. H. Kistner (1989). "Neotropical Phoridae from army ant colonies, including two new species (Diptera; Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Sociobiology 16: 149-174.
    
    
89. Disney, R. H. L. and D. H. Kistner (1998). "New species and new records of myrmecophilous Phoridae (Diptera)." Sociobiology 31: 291-349.
    
    
90. Dobbs, R. C. and P. R. Martin (1998). "Migrant bird participation at an army ant swarm in Montane Jalisco, Mexico." Wilson Bull. 110: 293-295.
    
    
91. Donisthorpe, H. (1939). "On the occurrence of dealated males in the genus Dorylus Fab. (Hym. Formicidae)." Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London Ser. A Gen. Entomol. 14: 79-81.
    
    
92. Drummond, B. A., III (1976). "Butterflies associated with an army ant swarm raid in Honduras." J. Lepid. Soc. 30: 237-238. See: Young, A.M., 1977, Butterflies associated with an army ant swarm raid in Honduras: the "feeding hypothesis" as an alternate explanation, J. Lepid. Soc. 31: 190.
    
    
93. DuBois, M. B. (1998). "The first fossil Dorylinae with notes on fossil Ecitoninae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomol. News 109: 136-142. [Dorylus molestus, Neivamyrmex iridescens, Pleistocene, Pliocene]
94. Duncan, F. D. and R. M. Crewe (1994). "Group hunting in a ponerine ant, Leptogenys nitida Smith." Oecologia 97: 118-123.
95. Ellison, G. T. H. (1988). "Dorylus helvolus L. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) preying on Saccostomus camperstris (Rodentia: Cricetidae)." J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. 51: 296.
    
    
96. Elzinga, R. J. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1970). "Five new species of Planodiscus (Acarina: Uropodina) found on doryline ants." Acarologia 12: 59-70.
    
    
97. Elzinga, R. J. and C. W. Rettenmeyer (1975). "Seven new species of Circocylliba (Acarina: Uropodina) found on army ants." Acarologia 16: 595-611.
    
    
98. Elzinga, R. J. (1993). "Larvamimidae, a new family of mites (Acari, Dermanyssoidea) associated with army ants." Acarologia (Paris) 34: 95-103.
    
    
99. Elzinga, R. J. (1994). "Two new species of Circocylliba (Acari: Uropodina) and range extensions for previously described species." Acarologia (Paris) 35: 217-221.
    
    
100. Elzinga, R. J. (1995). "Six new species of Trichocylliba (Acari: Uropodina) associated with army ants." Acarologia 36: 107-115.
     
     
101. Elzinga, R. J. (1998). "A new genus and five new species of mites (Acari: Ascidae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae." Sociobiology 31: 351-361.
     
     
102. Emery, C. (1888 ("1887")). "Le tre forme sessuali del Dorylus helvolus L. e degli altri Dorilidi." Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 19: 344-351.
     
     
103. Emery, C. (1895). "Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden." Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778.
     
     
104. Emery, C. (1901). "Studi sul polimorfismo e la metamorfosi nel genere Dorylus." Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna (5)9: 183-201 [pagination of separate: 415-433].
     
     
105. Emery, C. (1910). "Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae." Genera Insectorum 102: 1-34.
     
     
106. Feener, D. H., Jr., J. R. B. Lighton, et al. (1988). "Curvilinear allometry, energetics and foraging ecology: a comparison of leaf-cutting ants and army ants." Funct. Ecol. 2: 509-520.
     
     
107. Flanders, S. E. (1976). "Revision of a hypothetical explanation fo the occasional replacement of a unisexual with a bisexual brood in the colonies of the army ant Eciton." Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 22: 133-134.
     
     
108. Ford, B. (1972). "Army Ants: Fiends from hell or man's best friend?" Saturday Review 55(16): 54-55, 57-59.
     
     
109. Ford, F. C. (1977). The comparative anatomy and histology of the male reproductive systems in the adults and pupae of Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Emery, and Dorylus (Anomma) nigrescens Illiger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ph.D. dissert., Fordham University, 108 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 38: 1543-4]
     
     
110. Ford, F. C. and J. Forbes (1980). "Anatomy of the male reproductive systems of the adults and pupae of two doryline ants, Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Emery and D. (A.) nigricans Illiger." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 88: 133-142.
     
     
111. Ford, F. C. and J. Forbes (1984 ("1983")). "Histology of the male reproductive systems in the adults and pupae of two Doryline ants, Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Emery and D. (A.) nigricans Illiger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 91: 355-376.
     Впервые исследована гистология репродуктивной системы самцов как взрослых, так и куколочных у муравьев-кочевников Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi и D. (A.) nigricans. The reproductive systems consist of the testes and vasa efferentia, the vasa deferentia, the seminal vesicles, the accessory glands, the bound accessory gland duct, the ejaculatory duct and wedge, and the aedeagal bladder. The numbers of testicular follicles, the microanatomy of the organs, the types and amounts of secretions in the lumina of the organs, as well as the presence or absence of spermatozoa, are compared in the adults and pupae of these two species. Although similarities exist, significant differences are found in the microanatomy of the organs, in the types and amounts of secretions produced and between organs of the adults and pupae. The histology is also compared with that in the Old World Aenictus gracilis, in the New World Neivamyrmex harrisi, and other studies of Old and New World dorylines. Important differences exist between the male reproductive systems of the two African Dorylus species herein studied and the New World N. harrisi. The Dorylus species have a larger number of testicular follicles, the organs of the systems are more complex and produce both acidophilic and basophilic secretions, the entrance of the ejaculatory duct into the aedeagal bladder, and the formation of a new dorsal duct at the posterior end of the bladder are different from those in other dorylines.
     
     
112. Forel, A. (1890). "Aenictus (Typhlatta) and some new genera of Formicidae. [Translated by R. C. Wroughton.]." J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 388-397.
     
     
113. Forel, A. (1901). "Nouvelles especes de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espиce nouvelle d'Eciton)." Rev. Suisse Zool. 9: 325-353.
     
     
114. Fowler, H. G. (1979). "Notes on Labidus praedator (Fr. Smith) in Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae: Ecitonini)." J. Nat. Hist. 13: 3-10.
     
     
115. Frank, J. H. and M. C. Thomas (1981). "Myrmedoniini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ecitoninae) in Florida." Florida Entomol. 64: 138-146.
     
     
116. Franks, N. R. (1980). The evolutionary ecology of the army ant Eciton burchelli on Barros Colorado Island, Panama, Ph.D. dissert., The University of Leeds, Leeds, England.
     
     
117. Franks, N. R. (1982). "A new method for censusing animal populations: the number of Eciton burchelli army ant colonies on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." Oecologia 52: 266-268.
     
     
118. Franks, N. R. (1982). Social insects in the aftermath of swarm raids of the army ant Eciton burchelli. The Biology Of Social Insects :Proceedings, Ninth Congress, International Union For The Study Of Social Insects, Boulder, Colorado, August 1982. M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener and H. E. Evans. Boulder, Westview Press: 275-279.
     
     
119. Franks, N. R. (1983). Ecology and population regulation in the army ant Eciton burchelli. The ecology of a tropical forest :Seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. E. G. Leigh, Jr., A. S. Rand and D. M. Windsor. Oxford. 468 p., Oxford University Press: 389-395.
     
     
120. Franks, N. R. (1985). Reproduction, foraging efficiency and worker polymorphism in army ants. Experimental behavioral ecology and sociobiology : in memoriam Karl von Frisch,1886-1982. B. Holldobler and M. Lindauer. Sunderland, Mass., Sinauer Associates. Fortschritte Zool. 31: 91-107.
     Размер и скорость роста колоний муравьев-кочевников Eciton burchelli определяется by filming colony emigrations and by collecting the discarded pupal cases of their broods of new workers. Семьи Eciton burchelli (Barro Colorado Island, Panama) содержат от 300,000 до 650,000 рабочих и они увеличиваются примерно на 40,000 - 60,000 новых рабочих особей каждые 35 дней. Раз в год крупнейшие семьи продуцируют расплод, состоящий только из нескольких королев и примерно 4,000 самцов. These sexually reproductive colonies then undergo a process of binary fission to produce two daughter colonies. Parental colonies reproduce at approximately the size at which the combined growth rate of their daughter colonies just exceeds their own growth rate. This should minimize colony generation time. There are four distinct physical castes of worker in Eciton burchelli, making this one of the most polymorphic of known ant species. I have evaluated the performance of these different worker castes during raids, because foraging efficiency is likely to be one of the key factors limiting colony growth rate. Of the four types of worker, submajors seem to specialise as porters; they are only 3% of the worker population but they represent 26% of the workers carrying prey items. Due to an unusual allometry submajors have the longest legs in proportion to their body size of any Eciton burchelli workers and they can run faster than any of their sisters and can carry disproportionately large items. Submajors probably also transport prey at a relatively low cost because they are the largest members of their colonies who retrieve prey items and transport costs decrease with increasing body size. The division of labour among Eciton burchelli workers may therefore serve to increase foraging efficiency and this should increase colony growth rate, decrease colony generation time and thereby contribute to the inclusive fitness of all members of the army ant colony.
     
     
121. Franks, N. R. (1986). "Teams in social insects: group retrieval of prey by army ants (Eciton burchelli, Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18: 425-429.
     
     
122. Franks, N. R. (1989). "Army ants: a collective intelligence." Am. Scient. 77: 139-145.
     
     
123. Franks, N. R. (1989). "Thermoregulation in army ant bivouacs." Physiol. Entomol. 14: 397-404.
     
     
124. Franks, N. (1996). Ecology and population regulation in the army ant Eciton burchelli. The ecology of a tropical forest: Seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. E. G. Leigh, Jr., A. S. Rand and D. M. Windsor. Washington, DC, & London, England, Smithsonian Institution Press: 389-395.
     
     
125. Franks, N. R. and S. Bryant (1987). "Spatial patterns in army ant foraging and migration: Eciton burchelli on Barro Colorado, Panama." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 261-270.
     
     
126. Franks, N. R. and C. R. Fletcher (1983). "Spatial patterns in army ant foraging and migration: Eciton burchelli on Barro Colorado, Panama." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 261-270.
     
     
127. Franks, N. R., N. Gomez, et al. (1991). "The blind leading the blind in army ant raid patterns: testing a model of self-organization (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Insect Behav. 4: 583-607.
     
     
128. Franks, N. R. and B. Holldobler (1987). "Sexual competition during colony reproduction in army ants." Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 30: 229-243.
     Дается обзор необычных процессов продукции половых особей и разделения колоний у муравьев-кочевников в сравнении с другими муравьями. Army ants are a polyphyletic group and are characterized by a syndrome of convergently evolved traits including large colony size, group foraging for large prey, nomadism, cyclical brood production and queens whoa re large and wingless. Because queens are flightless and never leave their colony, workers are in position to choose which ueen will take over each new colony. Males fly between coilonies and must run the gauntlet of the workers in alien ones before they approach the queen. For this reason workers can also choose which males will inseminate their queen. Army ant workers may therefore be involved in choosing both the matriarch and patriarch of new colonies. We suggest that this unusual form of sexual selection has led to the close resemblance of conspecific males and females in all the separate lineages of army ants. Самцы по своим огромным размерам сходны с королевами, имеют длинное цилиндрическое брюшко, with exocrine glands of similar form and location to those of females and и сбрасывают свои крылья, когда они проникают в новую колонию. Более того, самцы там даже "получают" свиту из рабочих, какие бывают только у королев. Авторы считают, что самцы у этих муравьев-кочевников таким своим поведением вовсе не являют собой форму ложной мимикрии королев (deceitful mimicry), but because under the influence of sexual selection they have come to use the same channels of communication to demonstrate their potential fitness to the workerforce as those used by queens.
     
     
129. Franks, N. R. and P. J. Norris (1987). Constraints on the division of labour in ants: D'Arcy Thompson's cartesian transformations applied to worker polymorphism. From individual to collective behavior in social insects. J. M. Pasteels and J. L. Deneubourg. Basel, Birkhauser. 54: 253-270.
     Разделение труда in which tasks are allocated to different worker castes is one of the major reasons for the economic efficiency and ecological success of social insects. In this paper we explore some of the constraints on the division of labour in ant colonies. One of the possible reasons that there are so few distinct physical castes in ant colonies (there are a full order of magnitude fewer castes than essential tasks in most ant colonies) is that morphological variation is constrained by simple developmental rules. Such canalized developmental programming has been explored, in the past, by allometry. In this paper, we supplement this approach by using cartesian transformation, first developed by D'Arcy Thompson, and computer graphics to explore relationships between head morphology in the distinct worker castes of Atta, Eciton, and Pheidole. This new approach shows that the same transformation rules dictate, across an entirte nest series, not only the size and shape of the head but also the location of all principal structures, eyes, antennae, mandible size and position. This approach shows, with greater resolution than allometrical analysis, that castes cannot be formed in isolation of one another. For example, the evolution of bizarre major morphology is severely constrained by minor morphology and vice versa. We discuss these constraints on the development of physical castes in ants in the context of other constraints on the division of labour in social insects.
     
     
130. Franks, N. R. and L. W. Partridge (1994). Lanchester's theory of combat, self-organization, and the evolution of army ants and cellular societies. Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology. L. A. Real. Chicago & London. ix, 469 p., University of Chicago Press: 390-408.
     
     
131. Franks, N. R., A. B. Sendova Franks, et al. (1999). "Convergent evolution, superefficient teams and tempo in Old and New World army ants." Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266: 1697-1701.
     
     
132. Gallardo, A. (1918). "Hormigas argentinas. Subfam. Dorylinae. Tribu Ecitonii." Rev. Mus. Pop. Parana 1(2): 1-3.
     
     
133. Ganguli, R. N. and M. R. Ghosh (1968). "Dorylus orientalis Westw. (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) -A pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Tripura." Indian Agric. 12: 54-57.
     
     
134. Gillespie, D. S. and A. C. Cole, Jr. (1954). "Measurements in the worker caste of two species of Eciton (Neivamyrmex Borgmeier) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Am. Midl. Nat. 44: 203-204.
     
     
135. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1978). "Trophic ecology and adaptation in tropical Old World ants of the subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Biotropica 10: 161-169.
     
     
136. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1979 (1978)). "Emigration behavior of the East African driver ant, Dorylus (Anomma) molesta Gerstaecker (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 86: 290.
     
     
137. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. 1979. Phylogenetic implications of army ant zoogeography (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 72 (4): 462-467.
     
     
138. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1982). Army ants. Social insects. Volume 4. H. R. Hermann. New York. 385 p., Academic Press: 157-254.
     
     
139. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1985). "Reflections on the evolution of army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 2: 7-16. Proceedings of the IUSSI French Section, Annual Meeting, 19-22 Sept 1984, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
     
     
140. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1987). The relationship of form and function in army ant queens. Chemistry and biology of social insects. J. Eder and H. Rembold. Munchen. xxxv + 757 p., Verlag J. Peperny: 255-256.
     
     
141. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. (1995) "Army Ants: The Biology of Social Predation" (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY - pp.1-302).
     
     
142. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and D. Barr (1980). "Quantitative studies on major workers of the ant genus Dorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73: 231-238.
     
     
143. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and D. Barr (1988 ("1987"). "Quantitative studies on workers of the Old World army ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 34: 261-273.
     
     
144. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and G. R. Cunningham-van Someren (1976). "Taxonomic and behavioral notes on the African ant, Aenictus eugenii Emery, with a description of the queen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 84: 182-188.
     
     
145. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and B. M. Kupiec (1975). "Taxonomic implications of doryline worker ant morphology: Cheliomyrmex morosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68: 961-971.
     
     
146. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and J. M. Leroux (1980). "Taxonomy of the African army ant, Aenictus decolor (Mayr), with a description of the queen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 82: 599-608. *[Aenictus batesi & Aenictus bidentatus are n.syn. of Aenictus decolor.]
     
     
147. Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and R. F. Schaefer, Jr. (1982). "Taxonomic implications of doryline worker ant morphology: Dorylus subgenus Anomma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Sociobiology 7: 187-204.
     
     
148. Gotwald, W. H., Jr and A. W. Burdette. 1981. Morphology of the male internal reproductive system in army ants: phylogenetic implications. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 72-92.
     
     
149. Grandcolas, P. (1997). "Gyna gloriosa, a scavenger cockroach dependent on driver ants in Gabon." Afr. J. Ecol. 35: 168-171.
     
     
150. Grandcolas, P. and P. Deleporte (1994). "Escape from predation by army ants in Lanxoblatta cockroach larvae (Insecta, Blattaria, Zetoborinae)." Biotropica 26: 469-472.
     
     
151. Greene, E., D. Wilcove, et McFarland, M. (1984). "Observations of birds at an army ant swarm in Guerrero, Mexico." Condor 86: 92-93.
     
     
152. Haemig, P. D. (1989). "Brown jays as army ant followers." Condor 91: 1008-1009.
     
     
153. Hagan, H. R. (1954). "The reproductive system of the army-ant queen, Eciton (Eciton). Part 1. General anatomy." Am. Mus. Novit. 1663: 1-12.
     
     
154. Hagan, H. R. (1954). "The reproductive system of the army-ant queen, Eciton (Eciton). Part 2. Histology." Am. Mus. Novit. 1664: 1-17.
     
     
155. Hagan, H. R. (1954). "The reproductive system of the army-ant queen, Eciton (Eciton). Part 3. The oocyte cycle." Am. Mus. Novit. 1665: 1-20.
     
     
156. Haldeman, S. S. (1849). "On the identity of Anomma with Dorylus, suggested by specimens which Dr. Savage found together, and transmitted to illustrate his paper on the driver ants." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 4: 200-202.
     
     
157. Harper, L. H. (1987). The conservation of ant-following birds in central amazonian forest fragments, Ph.D. dissert., State University of New York at Albany, 226 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 48: 2191] [Order # 8724250]
     
     
158. Harper, L. H. (1990 (1989)). "The persistence of ant-following birds in small Amazonian forest fragments." Acta Amaz. 19: 249-264.
     
     
159. Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T., Tashiro, Y. (2000). "Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda." Primates 41: 103-108. [Dorylus molestus, Pan troglodytes]
     
     
160. Hashimoto, Y. and S. Yamane (1998). "Army ants and ant collectors. 1. In quest of Asian army ants (Aenictinae)." Insectarium 35(4): 96-100; 4-8. [ Includes distribution map of Aenictus species in Asia.]
     
     
161. Hermann, H. R. and M. S. Blum (1967). "The morphology and histology of the hymenopterous poison apparatus. III. Eciton hamatum (Formicidae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 1282-1291.
     
     
162. Hirosawa, H., S. Higashi, et al. (1998). Food habits of army ants Aenictus and their effects on ant community in a rainforest of Borneo. [Abstract.]. Social insects at the turn of the millenium. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of IUSSI, Adelaide Australia, 29 December 1998 - 3 January 1999. M. P. Schwarz and K. Hogendoorn. Adelaide. 535 p., XIII Congress of IUSSI: 210.
     
     
163. Hirosawa, H., S. Higashi, et al. (2000). "Food habits of Aenictus army ants and their effects on the ant community in a rain forest of Borneo." Insect. Soc. 47: 42-49.
     
     
164. Hogan, H. R. (1954). "The reproductive system of the army ant queen Eciton (Eciton). I - General anatomy." Am. Mus. Novit. 1163: 1-12.
     
     
165. Holldobler, B. (1982). "Communication, raiding behavior and prey storage in Cerapachys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Psyche 89: 3-23.
     Исследована коммуникация и охотничье фуражировочное поведение путем рейдов. Raiding expeditions in Cerapachys turneri are organized by individual scout ants, that return to the colony after having discovered a nest of the prey species . The scout lays a chemical trail with secretions from the poison gland, which serve as recruitment and orientation signals for the nestmates. Circumstantial evidence suggests that in addition the scout releases a stimulating chemical recruitment signal from the pygidial gland. This occurs probably when the scouts move with their gaster held slightly upwards in a calling position. Wilson (1958) reports the field notes made by H. Potter on the cerapachyine species Phyracaces potteri, which contain the only available description of the early stages of a complete raid observed in the field. Before the raid started Potter noted a few workers moving rapidly about, 'each with its abdomen raised upwards'. These observations match closely my findings in the laboratory and lend further support to the hypothesis that in addition to the trails laid with poison gland secretions, anotherstimulating signal is discharged, presumably from the pygidial gland of the recruiting ants. Wilson (1958) observed groups of Phyracaces moving along a raiding trail laid down by a raiding party on the previous day. In this case no individual leadership was involved and the foragers seemed to emerge from the nest randomly without a special recruitment stimulation by scout ants. Obviously these ants were following an established foraging trail, leading to a previously raided Pheidole nest which appeared to be vacated this time. Small exploratory parties conducted brief excursions to the side, but in most cases they turned back to the main trail. No nest suitable for raiding was found during these explorations. These observations strongly suggest that chemical trails laid during raiding expeditions might still function as orientation cues one day later and that foraging parties can follow these established trails without the leadership of a recruiting scout ant. Indeed, my laboratory experiments with Cerapachys have demonstrated that artificial trails drawn with poison gland material are effective as orientation cues at least for several hours. Although the raiding cerapachyine ants are usually enourmously outnumbered by the worker force of the prey species, not one Cerapachys worker was lost during all the raiding experiments in the laboratory. As can be seen from Fig.2, Cerapachys and Sphinctomyrmex are excellently protected by a heavily sclerotized cuticle. The intersegmental joints, that is, the joints between head and thorax and between thorax, petiole and gaster, are covered by cuticular projections so that no intersegmental membrane is exposed, even if the ant is twisted and bent to an extreme degree. In addition, Cerapachys and probably all the other cerapachyine ants have a most powerful sting that immobilizes the opponents within seconds. Not only the adults of the raided colony, but also the captured larvae and pupae are stung by the raiders before they are retrieved to the Cerapachys nest. Observations and experiments demonstrated that the prey larvae are kept in a stage of metabolic stasis and can thereby be stored for a period of more than two months. This food storage system enables Cerapachys to adjust the raiding activities to food requirement and supply. From the laboratory experiments we can conclude that Cerapachys does not conduct daily or periodic raiding expeditions. The frequency of raiding expeditions depends on the food supply stored inside the Cerapachys nest. I was unable to demonstrate periodic nomadic behavior in cerapachys in the laboratory. I assume that nest emigrations might occur relatively frequently in this species, but that they do not follow a periodic pattern. instead, environmental factors such as food supply or physical conditions of the nest site are likely to play the important role in inducing a Cerapachys colony to emigrate.
     
     
166. Holldobler B., J. M. Palmer, Masuko K. & Brown W. L., Jr. (1989). "New exocrine glands in the legionary ants of the genus Leptanilla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae)." Zoomorphology (Berl.) 108: 255-262.
     Первое подробное исследование морфологии экзокринных желез у двух видов Leptanillinae. Рабочие Leptanilla escheri и L. japonica имеют крупную непарную стернальную железу на VIII-ом абдоминальном стерните, и гипертрофированную ядовитую железу, окруженную массивной мышцой. Стернальная железа отсутствует у королев L. japonica, а её ядовитая железа сильно дегенерирована. Однако у маток имеется серия парных крупных интерсегментальных тергальных и стернальных желез, расположенных между IV-ум и далее вплоть до VII-го сегмента. The queen also possesses large spiracular plate glands.
     
     
167. Holldobler B. and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     
     
168. Holldobler B. and E. O. Wilson (1992). "Pheidole nasutoides, a new species of Costa Rican ant that apparently mimics termites." Psyche 99: 15-22.
     
     
169. Hollingsworth, M. J. (1960). "Studies on the polymorphic workers of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans Illiger." Insect. Soc. 7: 17-37.
     
     
170. Humle, T. and T. Matsuzawa (2002). "Ant-dipping among the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and some comparisons with other sites." Am. J. Primatol. 58: 133-148. [Dorylus, Pan troglodytes]
     
     
171. Ihering, H. v. (1912). "Biologie und Verbreitung der brasilianischen Arten von Eciton." Entomol. Mitt. 1: 226-235.
     
     
172. Jackson, W. B. (1952). Microclimatic factors in army ant behavior and ecology, Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society, p. 157-161.
     
     
173. Jacobson, H. R. and D. H. Kistner (1983). "Revision of some myrmecoid Zyrasini from Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with notes on their behavior and relationship." Sociobiology 8: 1-50.
     Проведена ревизия мирмекофильных коротконадкрылых жуков трибы Zyrasini из Африки (Staphylinidae), имеющих связи с муравьями-кочевниками Dorylus. Синонимия: Astilbides kohli (= Myrmedonia kohli, Zyras kohli, Astilbides rugipennis), Astilbides overlaeti (= Ocyplanus (Pseudocyplanus) overlaeti, Pseudocyplanus overlaeti), Neosmectonia angusticollis (= Myrmedonia angusticollis, Ocyplanus angusticollis), Ocyplanus formicarius (= Dorylonia laticeps, Ocyplanus (Dorylonia) laticeps, Gryptaulacus formicarius, Gryptaulacus laticeps), Ocyplanus megalops (= Ocyplanus formicarius in part), Stenocyplanus collaris (= Ocyplanus collaris), Stenocyplanus kohli (= Ocyplanus (Dorylonia) kohli, Ocyplanus kohli niger, Ocyplanus longicornis)]
     [++ Рассматриваются связи с муравьями-кочевниками Dorylus (Anomma), Dorylus (Anomma) molesta, Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans sjoestedti rufescens, Dorylus (Anomma) rubella, Dorylus (Anomma) sjoestedti, Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi Исследованные регионы: Africa, Angola, Belgian Congo, Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Gold Coast, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire. Виды рассмотренных жуков: Astilbides kohl, Astilbides rugipennis, Astilbides overlaeti, Astilbides schwabi, Dorylonia laticeps, Gryptaulacus formicarius, Gryptaulacus laticeps, Myrmedonia kohli, Myrmedonia angusticollis, Neosmectonia angusticollis, Ocyplanus angusticollis, Ocyplanus brevicollis, Ocyplanus collaris, Ocyplanus formicarius, Ocyplanus (Dorylonia) kohli, Ocyplanus kohli niger, Ocyplanus (Dorylonia) laticeps, Ocyplanus longicornis, Ocyplanus megalops, Ocyplanus (Pseudocyplanus) overlaeti, Ocyplanus rotundiceps, Pseudocyplanus overlaeti, Stenocyplanus collaris, Stenocyplanus gotwaldi, Stenocyplanus kohli, Stenocyplanus tanzaniensis, Zyras kohli]
     
     
174. Jacobson, H. R. and D. H. Kistner (1988). Evolution of the ant-like petiole among the staphylind beetles (Dorylomimini) living with the new world army ants (Ecitonini). [Abstract], P. 50 in: XVIII International Congress of Entomology. Vancouver, B. C.; Canada, July 3-9, 1988. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Entomology, Abstract Volume.
     
     
175. Jacobson, H. R. and D. H. Kistner (1991). "Cladistic study, taxonomic restructuring, and revision of the myrmecophilous tribe Leptanillophilini with comments on its evolution and host relationships (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Sociobiology 18: 1-150.
     
     
176. Jacobson, H. R. and D. H. Kistner (1992). "Cladistic study, taxonomic restructuring, and revision of the myrmecophilous tribe Crematoxenini with comments on its evolution and host relationships (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Sociobiology 20: 91-201.
     
     
177. Jacobson, H. R. and D. H. Kistner (1998). "A redescription of the myrmecophilous genus Tetradonia and a description of a new, closely related, free living genus Tetradonella (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Sociobiology 31: 151-279.
     
     
178. Kazan, P. L. (1972). The biology and behavior of an army ant, Eciton rapax, M.S. thesis, Kansas State University, 58 p. Cited from: Willis, E.O., & Y. Oniki, 1978, Birds and army ants, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9: 243-263.
     
     
179. Keegans, S. J., J. P. J. Billen, et al. (1993). "Volatile glandular secretions of three species of New World army ants, Eciton burchelli, Labidus coecus and Labidus praedator." J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 2705-2719.
     Дюфуровы железы рабочих муравьев-кочевников Eciton burchelli contain a mixture of small quantities of oxygenated compounds, some of which are derived from terpenes, and Cl7-C25 hydrocarbons. The secretion of the Dufour glands of soldiers was either similar to that of workers, with geranylacetone a significant component, or they contained geranyllinalool in large amounts. The glands of workers and soldiers of Labidus praedator and Labidus coecus contained (E)-beta-ocimene, a new substance for the Dufour glands of ants. 4-Methyl-3-heptanone was the dominant compound in the mandibular glands of E. burchelli and L. coecus. Skatole and indole were found in the gasters of L. praedator, and skatole was present in the venom glands of some soldiers of E. burchelli.
     
     
180. Kistner, D. H. (1964). "New species of the genus Dorylocratus with notes on their behavior (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Pan-Pac. Entomol. 40: 246-254.
     
     
181. Kistner, D. H. (1966). "A revision of the African species of the aleocharine tribe Dorylomimini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). II. The genera Dorylomimus, Dorylonannus, Dorylogaster, Dorylobactrus, and Mimanomma, with notes on their behavior." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 320-340.
     
     
182. Kistner, D. H. (1966). "A revision of the myrmecophilous tribe Deremini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Part I: The Dorylopora complex and their behavior." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 341-358.
     
     
183. Kistner, D. H. (1967). "A revision of the myrmecophilous tribe Deremini. Part II. Additions and corrections to the Dorylopora complex (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Pan-Pac. Entomol. 43: 274-284.
     
     
184. Kistner, D. H. (1968). "Revision of the myrmecophilous species of the tribe Myrmedoniini. Part II. The genera Aenictonia and Anommatochara -- their relationship and behavior." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 971-986.
     
     
185. Kistner, D. H. (1973). "A revision of the genus Dromanomma Wasmann, with a description of its behavior and the possible mechanisms integrating it into ant societies (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Coleop. Bull. 27: 19-32.
     
     
186. Kistner, D. H. (1975). "Feature photograph: Bengalia sp. eating a piece of booty it has stolen from a driver ant." Sociobiology 1: 149.
     *[Fly finds an isolated booty-carrying ant. Fly grasps booty, and proceeds to have a tug-of-war with the ant for the booty. Fly eventually wins, flies off with booty, and eats it.]
     
     
187. Kistner, D. H. (1975). "Feature photograph: Mite attached to abdomen on driver ant." Sociobiology 1: 19.
     *[Unidentified mites ride on tip of ant abdomen. When they fall off, the mite walks awhile, then make an enormous leap and land on a passing ants' abdomen.]
     
     
188. Kistner, D. H. (1975). "Feature photograph: View of raiding column of Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans burmeisteri molestus." Sociobiology 1: 19.
     
     
189. Kistner, D. H. (1976). "Feature photograph: Mite (Planodiscus sp.) clinging to tibia of Eciton hamatum (Fabricius)." Sociobiology 2: 95.
     *[Mite clings by grasping tibial setae. Mite sculpture & setae pattern very similar to ant tibia. When ant grooms, it receives the correct sensory imput, and does not detect the mite.]
     
     
190. Kistner, D. H. and H. R. Jacobson (1979). "Revision of the myrmecophilous tribe Deremini, III: The remainder of the genera with notes on behavior, ultrastructure, glands and phylogeny (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Sociobiology 3: 141-384.
     
     
191. Kistner, D. H. and H. R. Jacobson (1982). "A revision of the genera Trichodonia, Gapia, Myrmechusina , and Myrmechusa (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) with an analysis of their relationships andnotes on their behavior." Sociobiology 7: 73-128.
     Ревизия мирмекофильных коротконадкрылых жуков. T. angusta is a n.syn. of T. parva; T. gracillis is a n.syn. of T. setigera; T. laticollis Last is a n.syn. of T. setigera (not T. laticollis Wasmann). T. bicolor only ate dropped booty & is partially integrated into the ant colonies. T. laticollis, & T. schoutedeni were only observed to eat dropped booty & wounded or sick ants. G. gigantea was observed to actively hunt wounded or sick ants. Observations on M. grandis & M. kohli confirm that they are obligate predators on doryline ants.]
     
     
192. Kistner, D. H. and H. R. Jacobson (1990). "Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the ecitophilous tribe Ecitocharini with studies of their behavior and evolution (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae)." Sociobiology 17: 333-480.
     Таксономическая ревизия мирмекофильных коротконадкрылых жуков. Ecitoxenides is a n.syn. of Ecitosymbia; Ecitoxenides cariniceps n.comb. to Ecitosymbia cariniceps; Ecitoxenides oculatus n.comb. to Ecitosymbia oculatus; Ecitoxenia megalops n.comb. to Seeverseciton megalops; Ecitoxenia impressa n.comb. to Ecitoschneirla impressa; Ecitoxenia lucanoides n.comb. to Campbellia lucanoides; Ecitoxenia hamati n.comb. to Campbellia hamati; Ecitophya bicolor is a n.syn. of Ecitophya simulans, Ecitomorpha breviceps, E. melanotica, & E. nevermanni are n.syn. of Ecitomorpha arachnoides; ]
     
     
193. Krell, F. T. (1999). "Dung beetles unharmed by army ants in tropical Africa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Dorylinae)." Coleopt. Bull. 53: 325-328.
     
     
194. Lamas, G. (1983). "Butterflies attracted by army ants in the Nature Preserve of Tambopata, Peru. [in Spanish]." Rev. Soc. Mex. Lepidopterol. A. C. 8: 49-51.
     *[15 species of butterflies associated ith army ant swarm raids.]
     
     
195. Lappano, E. (1955). A morphological study of polymorphism in the larva of the army ant Eciton burchelli, and comparisons with that of Eciton hamatum, Ph.D. dissert., Fordham University, 105 p.
     
     
196. Lappano, E. R. (1958). "A morphological study of larval development in polymorphic all-worker broods of the army ant Eciton burchelli." Insect. Soc. 5: 31-66.
     
     
197. Longhurst, C. and P. E. Howse (1978). "The use of kairomones by Megaponera foetens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the detection of its termite prey." Anim. Behav. 26: 1213-1218.
     
     
198. Longhurst, C. and P. E. Howse (1979). "Foraging, recruitment and emigration in Megaponera foetens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Nigerian Guinea savanna." Insect. Soc. 26: 204-215.
     
     
199. Longhurst, C. and P. E. Howse (1979). "Some aspects of the biology of the males of Megaponera foetens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 26: 85-91.
     
     
200. Longhurst, C., R. A. Johnson, et Wood T.G. (1978). "Predation by Megaponera foetens (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on termites in the Nigerian southern Guinea savanna." Oecologia 32: 101-107.
     
     
201. Longhurst, C., R. Baker, et Howse P. E. (1979). "Termite predation by Megaponera foetens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Coordination of raids by glandular secretions." J. Chem. Ecol. 5: 703-719.
     
     
202. MacKay, W. P. and S. B. Vinson (1989). "A guide to species identification of New World ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Sociobiology 16: 3-47.
     
     
203. Maschwitz, U. and P. Schonegge (1983). "Forage communication, nest moving recruitment, and prey specialization in the oriental ponerine Leptogenys chinensis." Oecologia 57: 175-182.
     На Севере центральной Шри-Ланки муравей Leptogenys chinensis специализирован на питании термитами-грибководами Macrotermitinae (Odontotermes, Hypotermes), которые весьма обычны в этих местах. They are captured at their feeding sites. The ants recognize the termites by the scent that they emit. Workers and sexuals are the preferred prey. Termites of other taxa (Nasutitermitinae, Rhinotermitinae) are sometimes accepted and sometimes rejected. Refusal and acceptance are not correlated with systematic position of the termites. Usually the nests of L. chinensis comprise 200-300 workers. Externally the female ergatoids do not differ from the workers. The ants live in naturally available cavities and move nests frequently. We investigated the communication of this species in relation to foraging and nest-moving. While foraging, single workers lay a light exploration trail with venom. Successful scouts return to the nest and perform recruiting runs. Experiments with various blocked pheromone glands and decoys showed that the secretions of the poison gland and the Janet gland have to be applied to the ground. By this means groups of workers are recruited and led to a feeding place by a scout. When the scout was removed such groups would still, although slightly disturbed, find their way to the prey. Workers running alone are also observed. The secretion of the Janet gland has a recruiting effect, whereas the venom consists of two compounds: a compound of low volatility responsible for orientation, and a highly volatile compound which we interpret as being a way of estimating the age of the trail. In most cases the recruited workers return singly to the nest. Retrieval of the prey in groups is primarily observed with captured termite sexuals. Males use the trails to find and enter alien nests. In addition to the three chemical signals, stridulation with the gastral stridulatory organ is used as a mechanical signal in the frequent event of nest-moving, which is accomplished within few minutes.
     
     
204. Maschwitz, U., S. Steghaus-Kovac, Gaube, R., Hanel, H. (1989). "A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant habits." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24: 305-316.
     Эмиграция и рейдинговое поведение южноазиатского муравья Leptogenys sp. 1, напоминающего вид L. mutabilis, исследованы в Малайзии (Ulu Gombak, Malaysia). Моногинные колонии состоят из одной матки и до 52100 рабочих. The bivouac sites of this species were found in leaf litter, rotten logs, ground cavities, etc. and werre rarely modified by the ants. The colonies stayed in these temporary nests for several hours to 10 days; afterwards they moved to a new nest site. The emigration distances ranged from 5-58 m. Since nest changing takes place at irregular intervals, and pupae and larvae are always present in the nest relocations of Leptogenys sp. 1, the emigration behavior is not linked to a synchronzed brood development. Leptogenys sp. 1 is a noctural forager; in our study op to 42600 workers partecipated in each raid. The ants moved forward on a broad front; behind the swarm a fan-shaped network of foraging columns converges to form a main trunk trail. A new system of foraging trails is developed in each raid. The workers search for their prey collectively; they attack and retrieve the booty together. The diet of Leptogenys sp. 1 consists mainly of arthropods. Army ants behavior is characterized by (1) formation of large monogynous colonies, (2) frequent emigrations, and (3) mass raids in which all foraging activities are carried out collectively. Since Leptogenys sp. 1 performs these typical army ant behavior patterns, this species represents the army ant ecotype. However, this species differs considerably from army ant species that have synchronized broods and huge colonies with dichtadiiform females.
     
     
205. Masuko, K. (1990). "Behavior and ecology of the enigmatic ant Leptanilla japonica Baroni Urbani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae)." Insect. Soc. 37: 31-57.
206. Mayr, G. (1886). "Ueber Eciton-Labidus." Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 5: 33-36.
     
     
207. Mayr, G. (1886). "Ueber Eciton-Labidus. (Schluss)." Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 5: 115-122.
     
     
208. Menozzi, C. (1924). "Una specie inedita di Eciton Latr. del sottogenere Labidus Jur. (Hymen: Formicidae)." Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 56: 29-31.
     
     
209. Menozzi, C. (1926). "Due nuove specie di Eciton Latr. (Hymenoptera - Formicidae)." Folia Myrmecol. Termit. 1: 29-32.
     
     
210. Moffett, M. W. (1987). Sociobiology of the ants of the genus Pheidologeton, Ph.D. dissert., Harvard University, 289 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 48: 3223]
     
     
211. Moffett M. W. (1987). "Ants that go with the flow: a new method of orientation by mass communication." Naturwissenschaften 74: 551-553.
     
     
212. Moffett M. W. (1987). "Division of labor and diet in the extremely polymorphic ant Pheidologeton diversus." Natl. Geogr. Res. 3: 282-304.
     
     
213. Moffett M. W. (1987). Sociobiology of the ants of the genus Pheidologeton, Ph.D. dissert., Harvard University, 289 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 48: 3223]
     
     
214. Moffett M. W. (1987 ("1986")). "Behavior of the group-predatory ant Proatta butteli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): an Old World relative of the attine ants." Insect. Soc. 33: 444-457. *[Camponotus, O. transversa, O. longinoda are included in prey of P. butteli.]
     
     
215. Moffett M. W. (1988). "Cooperative food transport by an asiatic ant." Natl. Geogr. Res. 4: 386-394.
     
     
216. Moffett M. W. (1988). "Foraging behavior in the Malayan swarm-raiding ant Pheidologeton silenus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81: 356-361.
     
     
217. Moffett M. W. (1988). "Foraging dynamics in the group-hunting myrmicine ant, Pheidologeton diversus." J. Insect Behav. 1: 309-331.
     
     
218. Moffett M. W. (1988). Nesting, emigrations, and colony foundation in two group-hunting Myrmicine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pheidologeton). Advances in myrmecology. J. C. Trager. Leiden, E.J.Brill: 355-370.
     
     
219. Morley, B. D. W. (1939). "The phylogeny of the Cerapachyinae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae (Hym. Formicidae)." Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 44: 114-118.
     
     
220. Mukerjee, D. (1933). "On the anatomy of the worker of the ant Dorylus (Alaopone) orientalis Westw." Zool. Anz. 105: 97-105.
     *[Reviews literature on this ant feeding on plants. Gives observations of ants feeding on insects & earthworms.]
     
     
221. Muller, W. (1886). "Beobachtungen an Wanderameisen (Eciton hamatum Fabr.)." Kosmos (Stuttgart) 18: 81-93.
     
     
222. O'Donnell, S. and R. L. Jeanne (1990). "Notes on an army ant (Eciton burchelli) raid on a social wasp colony (Agelaia yepocapa) in Costa Rica." J. Trop. Ecol. 6: 507-509.
     
     
223. Oldham, N. J., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1994). "Volatile secretions of Old World army ant Aenictus rotundatus and chemotaxonomic implications of army ant Dufour gland chemistry." J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 3297-3305.
     Дюфуровы железы у муравьев Aenictus rotundatus включают комплекс из терпеноидов вместе с geranylgeraniol (50% состава секрета). Также найдены новые компоненты как высшие гомологи 1,3,3-trimethyl-2,7-dioxabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane based on GC-MS data. The Dufour gland secretion of A. rotundatus is more similar in composition to the secretions of members of the subfamily Ecitoninae than to its closer relatives from the tribe Dorylini, a result that further complicates studies on the phylogeny of army ants. The mandibular glands of A. rotundatus contain a mixture of 4-methyl-3-heptanone and limonene in trace amounts, and the well-developed postpygidial glands contain methyl anthranilate only.
     
     
224. Otis, G. W., C. E. Santana, et al. (1986). "The effect of foraging army ants on leaf-litter arthropods." Biotropica 18: 56-61.
     
     
225. Partridge, L. W., N. F. Britton, et Franks N.R. (1996). "Army ant population dynamics: the effects of habitat quality and reserve size on population size and time to extinction." Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 263: 735-741.
     
     
226. Perfil'eva, K. S. 2002. Wing venation in army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and its importance for phylogeny. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 81 (10): 1239-1250.
     
     
227. Radchenko, A. G. (1993). "Ants from Vietnam in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw. I. Pseudomyrmicinae [sic], Dorylinae, Ponerinae." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 44: 75-82.
     
     
228. Raignier, A. (1959). "La terreur rouge des fourmis voyageuses." Belg. Outremer 14: 155-157.
     
     
229. Raignier, A. (1960). "Les Doryles africains." Parcs Nationaux, Bulletin trimestriel de l'A.S.B.L. Ardenne et Gaume 15(2): 1-19.
     
     
230. Raignier, A. (1972). "Sur l'origine des nouvelles societes des fourmis voyageuses africaines (Hymenopteres, Formicidae, Dorylinae)." Insect. Soc. 19: 153-170.
     
     
231. Raignier, A. and J. K. A. v. Boven (1953 ("1952")). "Quelques aspects nouveaux de la taxonomie et de la biologie des doryles africains (Hymйnopteres, Formicidae)." Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Biol. Anim. (11)14: 397-403.
     
     
232. Raignier, A. and J. K. A. v. Boven (1955). "Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belge Nouv. Ser. Quarto Sci. Zool. 2: 1-359.
     
     
233. Raignier, A., Boven J.K.A. van, Ceusters R. (1974). Der Polymorphismus der afrikanischen Wanderameisen unter biometrischen und biologischen Gesichtspunkten. Sozialpolymorphismus bei Insekten. Probleme der Kastenbildung in Tierreich. G. H. Schmidt. Stuttgart. xxiv + 974 p., Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft: 668-693.
     Исследован (биометрически и биологически) полиморфизм африкансих кочевых муравьев.
     
     
234. Ravary, F. and P. Jaisson (2002). "The reproductive cycle of thelytokous colonies of Cerapachys biroi Forel (Formicidae, Cerapachyinae)." Insect. Soc. 49(2): 114-119.
     Репродуктивный цикл телитокических семей муравьев Cerapachys biroi исследован в лабораторных условиях. It included several stages, the duration of which was assessed by direct observation on experimental nests set up by fission of natural, queenless, colonies. The results show that two phases of adult activity alternated while cohorts of brood developed synchronously. During the statary phase, virgin workers laid diploid eggs simultaneously but no foraging activity was observed until the following phase which began after the callow workers of the previous brood cohort emerged and the eggs hatched. During this foraging phase, workers explored intensively for food while larvae matured synchronously. Biometrical measures allowed to determine that three larval instars occurred in this species. While larvae started pupation, workers stopped to forage and the next statary phase took place, during which a new cohort of eggs was laid and pupae matured. This repeated phasic reproductive cycle where adult activity and development of the brood are synchronised reminds that of true army ants (subfamily Ecitoninae), which brings new arguments in favour of a filiation between both groups.
     
     
235. Ray, T. S. and C. C. Andrews (1980). "Antbutterflies: butterflies that follow army ants to feed on antbird droppings." Science 210: 1147-1148. "Муравьиные" бабочки. Самки этих бабочек ориентированы на колонны кочевых муравьев и питаются на antbird droppings. At ant swarms: 49% were involved in feeding behavior, with 26% actually feeding on bird droppings]
     
     
236. Reichardt, H. (1969). "New and little known eictophilous Stapylinidae from Panama (Coleoptera)." Stud. Entomol. 12: 317-320.
     
     
237. Reichensperger, A. (1930). "Ein Nest und die Konigin von Eciton (Acamatus) legionis Sm." Zool. Anz. 88: 321-325.
     
     
238. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1961). Behavior, abundance and host specificity of mites found on Neotropical army ants (Acarina; Formicidae: Dorylinae), Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Entomology (Vienna, 1960) 1: 610-612, Table 17.
     *[Clearly marked as published in 1961. Table XVII is a plate of photographs.]
     
     
239. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1961). "Observations on the biology and taxonomy of flies found over swarm raids of army ants (Diptera: Tachinidae, Conopidae)." Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 42: 993-1066.
     *[Biology & behavioral work done in Panama; other records from museum specimens. The flies are not parasites of the ants; but are parasites of Orthoptera (crickets) & cockroaches flushed from hidding by the raiding ants.]
     
     
240. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1962). Arthropods associated with Neotropical army ants with a review of the behavior of these ants (Arthropoda; Formicidae: Dorylinae), Ph.D. dissert., University of Kansas, 658 p. [Dissert. Abstr. 26: 1239]
     
     
241. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1962). "The behavior of millipeds found with Neotropical army ants." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 35: 377-384.
     *[Rettenmeyer worked in Panama; other records (some corrected) from literature. Millipedes are not found with Eciton & Neivamyrmex in Panama. C. falcatus & C. formicatus recorded from N. esenbecki from Panama. C. gracilis & C. rettenmeyeri recorded from L. praedator & N. esenbecki from Panama. C. biensifer & C. rettenmeyeri recorded from L. praedator bivouacs from Mexico. C. sodalis recorded from L. praedator from Costa Rica. R. parvipesi recorded from N. esenbecki from Panama. Y. dampfi recorded from L. praedator from Mexico. C. trinus recorded from E. mexicanum panamense raiding column (prob. booty) from Panama. P. fulgens recorded from E. burchelli refuse deposits from Panama.]
     
     
242. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1962). "Notes on host specificity and behavior of myrmecophilous macrochelid mites." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 35: 358-360.
     *[A. burchellestes was found with E. burchelli from British Guiana & Trinidad. M. rettenmeyeri with was found with E. dulcius crassinode from Panama. M. dibanos was found with was found with E. vagans from Panama. No macrochelids were found with E. burchelli, E. hamatum, or E. mexicanum from Panama.]
     
     
243. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1962). "Unusual host-seeking behavior by flies found over swarm raids of Neotropical army ants." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Am. N. Cent. Br. 16: 15.
     
     
244. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1963). "The behavior of Thysanura found with army ants." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56: 170-174.
     *[Rettenmeyer worked in Panama. T. manni was collected only from 5 Eciton spp. from Panama, not other army ant genera. T. borgmeieri was collected only from N. esenbecki crassicorne from Panama, not L. praedator. G. rettenmeyeri was collected from E. burchelli, E. dulcius crassinode, E. mexicanum, E. vagans, N. gibbtaus, & N. esenbecki crassicorne from Panama. Grassiella sp., prob. G. rettenmeyeri was collected from L. praedator from Mexico. T. manni & beetles were in observation nest with ants; most biology & behavior on T. manni.]
     
     
245. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1963). "Behavioral studies of army ants." Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 44: 281-465.
     
     
246. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1974). Description of the queen and male with some biological notes on the army ant, Eciton rapax. Connecticut Entomological Society 25th Anniversary Memoirs. R. L. Beard. New Haven. 322 p., Connecticut Entomological Society: 291-302.
     
     
247. Rettenmeyer, C. W. and R. D. Akre (1968). "Ectosymbiosis between phorid flies and army ants." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 1317-26.
     *[Crematogaster, Iridomyrmex, & Pheidole brood were used as army ant food & to rear phorids in the laboratory.]
     
     
248. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1983). Checklist of army ants (arrieras) (Formicidae: Ecitoninae). Costa Rican natural history. D. H. Janzen. Chicago. xi + 816 p., University of Chicago Press: 650.
     
     
249. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1983). Eciton burchelli and other army ants (hormigera arriera, army ants). Costa Rican natural history. D. H. Janzen. Chicago. xi, 816 p., University of Chicago Press: 716-718.
     
     
250. Rettenmeyer, C. W., R. Chadab Crepet, et al. (1983). Comparative foraging by neotropical army ants. Social insects in the tropics. Proceedings of the First International Symposium. P. Jaisson. Paris. 252 p., Universite Paris-Nord. 2: 59-73.
     *[Pachycondyla (= Neoponera)]
     
     
251. Rettenmeyer, C. W. and J. F. Watkins, II (1978). "Polygyny and monogyny in army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 51: 581-591.
     *[Neivamyrmex carolinensis regularly has 3-13 queens. All other ecitonines anre monogynous.]
     
     
252. Roberts, D. L., R. J. Cooper, et al. (2000). "Use of premontane moist forest and shade coffee agroecosystems by army ants in western Panama." Conser. Biol. 14: 192-199.
     
     
253. Rosciszewski, K. and U. Maschwitz (1994). "Prey specialization of army ants of the genus Aenictus in Malaysia." Andrias 13: 179-187.
     Кочевые муравьи рода Aenictus в исследованной зоне заповедника Pasoh Forest Reserve (Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan) специализированы на питании другими муравьями. This is also true for A. gracilis Emery and A. laeviceps (F. Smith), for which a much wider food spectrum is known from the Philippines. Prey could be taken off in 9 of 11 species (4 of them hithero undescribed) found in the area. The different prey spectrum of each Aenictus species indicates resource partitioning, which is shown in preference of particular taxa, strata and prey size. These factors are described and discussed. An attack of Aenictus dentatus Forel on a Pheidole species is described in detail. *[with lists of ant species used as prey by Aenictus.]
     
     
254. Santschi, F. (1917 ("1916")). "Description d'une nouvelle reine de Formicide du genre Aenictus Shuckard." Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 85: 277-278.
     
     
255. Santschi, F. (1921). "Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides neotropiques." Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 54: 81-103.
     
     
256. Santschi, F. (1931). "La reine du Dorylus fulvus Westw." Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord 22: 401-408.
     
     
257. Savage, T. S. (1847). "On the habits of the "Drivers" or visiting ants of West Africa." Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 5: 1-15.
     
     
258. Schneirla, T. C. (1933). "Studies on army ants in Panama." J. Comp. Psychol. 15: 267-299.
     
     
259. Schneirla, T. C. (1938). "A theory of army-ant behavior based upon the analysis of activities in a representative species." J. Comp. Psychol. 25: 51-90.
     
     
260. Schneirla, T. C. (1944). "Studies on the army-ant behavior pattern. - Nomadism in the swarm-raider Eciton burchelli." Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 87: 438-457.
     
     
261. Schneirla, T. C. (1947). "A study of army-ant life and behavior under dry-season condition with special reference to reproductive functions. I. Southern Mexico." Am. Mus. Novit. 1336: 1-20.
     
     
262. Schneirla, T. C. (1950). "Additional observations on army ants (Eciton sp.)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 58: 200-201.
     
     
263. Schneirla, T. C. (1952). Basic correlations and coordinations in insect societies with special reference to ants, Structure et physiologie des societies animales, Coloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique no. 34, p. 247-269.
     Includes discussion by Allee, Grasse, Schneirla, Hediger, Le Masne, Soulairac, Carpenter, Bernard, & Emerson. Colloquium held in Paris, March 1950.
     
     
264. Schneirla, T. C. (1971) "Army Ants: A Study in Social Organization" (W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco - pp.1-349).
     Крупнейшее исследование всех сторон жизни и поведения кочевых муравьев.
     
265. Schneirla, T. C. and R. Z. Brown (1950). "Army-ant life and behavior under dry-season conditions, 4: Further investigation of cyclic processes in behavioral and reproductive functions." Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 95: 263-353.
     
     
266. Schneirla, T. C., R. Z. Brown, et al. (1954). "The bivouac or temporary nest as an adaptive factor in certain terrestrial species of army ants." Ecol. Monogr. 24: 269-296.
     
     
267. Seevers, C. H. (1958). "A revision of the Vatesini, a tribe of neotropical myrmecophiles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)." Rev. Brasil. Entomol. 8: 181-202.
     Ревизия американских мирмкофильных коротконадкрылых жуков трибы Vatesini (Staphylinidae). Wasmannotherium & Xenocephalus Wasmann are n.syn. of Vatesus. X. schmalzi is a n.syn. of V. latitans. X. clypeatus, X. panamensis, & X. henrici-schmidti are n.syn. of V. clypeatus. Xenophalus gigas (sic) = X. gigas = V. gigas n.comb. X. schuppii & X. trilobitus are n.syn. of V. schuppii. W. argentinum is a n.syn. of V. argentinus. Xenophalus rufus (sic) = V. rufus n.comb.
     
     
268. Seevers, C. H. (1959). "North American Staphylinidae associated with army ants." Coleop. Bull. 13: 65-79.
     Ревизия американских мирмкофильных коротконадкрылых жуков. M. retrusa & Ecitopora tenella are n.syn. of M. occipitalis. Ecitopora sulcatula = M. sulcatula n.comb. Ecitopora laticollis = M. laticollis n.comb. Ecitonusa foreli are n.syn. of D. bisinuata. Ecitonusa schmidtti = D. schmitti n.comb. G. argentina is probably cogeneric with Ecitonidia wheeleri. Ecitoxenia brevipes = Ecitoxenidia brevipes.
     
     
269. Seevers, C. H. and H. S. Dybas (1943). "A synopsis of the Limulodidae (Coleoptera): a new family proposed for myrmecophiles of the subfamilies Limulodinae (Ptiliidae) and Cephaloplectinae (Staphylinidae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 36: 546-586.
     
     
270. Shyamalanath, S. (1978). Anatomy and histology of some of the systems in the adult and pupae of the male of the old world doryline ant Aenictus gracilis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ph.D. dissert., Fordham University, 173 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 39: 1618]
     
     
271. Shyamalanath, S. and J. Forbes (1980). "Digestive system and associated organs in the adult and pupal male doryline ant Aenictus gracilis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 88: 15-28.
     
     
272. Shyamalanath, S. and J. Forbes (1984 ("1983")). "Anatomy and histology of the male reproductive system in the adult and pupa of the doryline ant, Aenictus gracilis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 91: 377-393.
     Анатомия и гистология мужской половой системы имаго и куколок кочевого муравья Aenictus gracilis. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, the vasa efferentia, the vasa deferentia, the seminal vesicles, the accessory glands, the short bound accessory gland duct, the ejaculatory duct and wedge, the aedeagal bladder, and the external genitalia. The testes are enclosed in a thin common capsule, and each testis is composed of about 32 follicles. The epithelium of the testicular follicle in the adult consists of a basal and inner layer of cells around a central lumen, which contains scattered or clustered spermatozoa. In the pupa, the epithelium is composed of irregularly-shaped cells, each with a large central vacuole, filled with spermatozoa. The seminal vesicles are U-shaped in the adult and pupa. The epithelial cells in the pupa are taller than those in the adult. In the adult, spermatozoa were present throughout, but in the pupa sperms were absent throughout. The accessory glands are tubular and bent around the proximal region of the intestine. The epithelium is more floded in the pupa than in the adult. In the adult, some regions contain an acidophilic secretion, some basophilic, and some both. In the ejaculatory duct, a cuticular wedge is present on the lateral and ventral walls; this wedge is more complex in its structure in the adult. The duct enters the dorsal, posterior surface of the aedeagal bladder. The epithelium of the bladder consists of small cells covered by a thick, wrinkled intima. The muscle fibers that surround the bladder are larger in diameter than the visceral muscles of the ejaculatory duct. the lumen of the bladder is devoid of secretion. The basal ring of the genitalia, the three pairs of valves, and the eighth and ninth sterna are described. They are quite different in shape from those of the New World dorylines, Eciton hamatum and Neivamyrmex harrisi, but in some respects resemble those of the Old World dorylines, Dorylus wilverthi and nigricans. comparisons made with previously described Old and New World species have revealed structures and features that lend support to the concept of triphyletic origin of the dorylines.
     
     
273. Silva, M. M. T. G. d. (1972). Contribuicao ao estudo da biologia de Eciton burchelli Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Doctoral diss., University of Sгo Paulo, Brazil.
     
     
274. Singh, T. V. K. and K. M. Singh (1992). "Effect of different intercrops on termites and oriental army ant, Dorylus orientalis Westwood damage to groundnut." Indian J. Plant Prot. 20: 129-132.
     
     
275. Smith, F. (1855). "Descriptions of some species of Brazilian ants belonging to the genera Pseudomyrma, Eciton and Myrmica (with observations on their economy by Mr. H. W. Bates)." Trans. Entomol. Soc. London (2)3: 156-169.
     
     
276. Smith, F. (1865). "Observations on the genus Dorylus, and upon a new genus of Apidae." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 2: 3-5.
     
     
277. Smith, M. R. (1938). "Notes on the legionary ants (Eciton, subgenus Acamatus) with a record of new specific synonymy." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 40: 157-160.
     
     
278. Smith, M. R. (1942). "The legionary ants of the United States belonging to Eciton subgenus Neivamyrmex Borgmeier." Am. Midl. Nat. 27: 537-590.
     
     
279. Stotz, D. F. (1992). "Buff-throated saltator eats army ants." Wilson Bull. 104: 373-374.
     
     
280. Stouffer, P. C. (1998). "Survival of the ant followers." Nat. Hist. 107(6): 40-43.
     *[Describes saving birds in a mist net from army ants. Many of the ant-following birds do not survive in the forest fragments after land clearing. Army ants will survive and forage in forest edges & cleared areas.]
     
     
281. Sudd, J. H. (1959). "A note on the behaviour of Aenictus (Hym., Formicidae)." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 95: 262.
     
     
282. Swartz, M. B. (1998). "Bivouac checking, a novel behavior distinguishing obligate from opportunistic species of army ant -following birds." Condor 03: 629-633.
     
     
283. Swynnerton, C. F. M. (1916). "Experiments on some carnivorous insects, especially the driver ant Dorylus; and with butterflies' eggs as prey." Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 1915: 317-350.
     
     
284. Taber, S. W. and J. C. Cokendolpher (1988). "Karyotypes of a dozen ant species from the southwestern U.S.A. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Caryologia 41: 93-102.
     Кариотипы 2 подсемейств (Ecitoninae и Myrmicinae) приводятся впервые. Диплоидный набор 2n = 36 для Neivamyrmex texanus стал первым для Ecitoninae. Впервые приведится для рода Veromessor (2n = 40 для Veromessor andrei). Также приводятся кариотипы Pheidole (2n = 18 и 20), Solenopsis (2n = 32), Leptothorax (2n = 26, 27), Tetramorium (2n = 26) и Tapinoma (2n = 16).
     
     
285. Tafuri, J. F. (1951). A morphological study of the larva of the army ant, Eciton (E.) hamatum Fabricius, Ph.D. dissert., Fordham University.
     
     
286. Tafuri, J. F. (1957 ("1955")). "Growth and polymorphism in the larva of the army ant (Eciton (E.) hamatum Fabricius)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 63: 21-41.
     
     
287. Teles da Silva, M. (1977). "Behaviour of the army ant Eciton burchelli Westwood (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in the Belem region 2. Bivouacs." Bol. Zool. 2: 107-128.
     
     
288. Teles da Silva, M. (1977). "Behaviour of the army ant Eciton burchelli Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Belem region. I. nomadic-statary cycles." Anim. Behav. 25: 910-923.
     
     
289. Teles da Silva, M. (1982). "Behaviour of army ants Eciton burchelli and E. hamatum (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Belem Region. III. Raid activity." Insect. Soc. 29: 243-267.
     
     
290. Terayama, M. (1984). "A new species of the army ant genus Aenictus from Taiwan (Insecta; Hymenoptera; Formicidae)." Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Jpn. 39: 13-16.
     Aenictus lifuiae n. sp. worker and male from Taiwan
     
     
291. Terayama, M. and S. Kubota (1993). "The army ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Thailand and Viet Nam, with descriptions of three new species." Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Jpn. 48: 68-72.
     
     
292. Terayama, M. and S. Yamane (1989). "The army ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Sumatra, with descriptions of three new species." Jpn. J. Entomol. 57: 597-603.
     
     
293. Tinaut, A. and D. Martinez Ibaсez (1998 ("1997")). "Distribution of Dorylus fulvus (Westwood, 1839) in Mediterranean Europe (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Nouv. Rev. Entomol. (n.s.) 14: 331-335.
     
     
294. Topoff, H. R. (1968). Population characterizatics, reversible physiological conditions, and behavior in species representing three doryline ant genera, Ph.D. dissert., City University of New York, 298 p. [Dissert. Abstr. B 29: 1883]
     
     
295. Topoff, H. (1971). "Polymorphism in army ants related to division of labor and colony cyclic behavior." Am. Nat. 105: 529-548.
     
     
296. Topoff, H., K. Lawson, et al. (1972). "Trail following and its development in the neotropical army ant genus Eciton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Psyche 79: 357-364.
     
     
297. Topoff, H., K. Lawson, et al. (1973). "Trail following in two species of the army ant genus Eciton: comparison between major and intermediate-sized workers." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 109-111.
     
     
298. Topoff, H. (1984). Levels of social integration in army-ant behavior. Behavioral evolution and integrative levels. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach. Hillsdale, NJ. xiii, 307 p., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 241-257.
     
     
299. Torgerson, R. L. (1969). Trail-following by army ants and their associates with morphological-histological examination of the reproductive tracts of three myrmecophiles, Ph.D. dissert., Washington State University, 130 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 30: 5545]
     
     
300. Torgerson, R. L. and R. D. Akre (1969). "Reproductive morphology and behavior of a thysanuran, Trichatelura manni, associated with army ants." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 1367-1374.
     
     
301. Torgerson, R. L. and R. D. Akre (1970). "Interspecific responses to trail and alarm pheromones by New World army ants." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43: 395-404.
     
     
302. Torgerson, R. L. and R. D. Akre (1970). "The persistence of army ant chemical trails and their significance in the ecitonine-ecitophile association (Formicidae: Ecitonini)." Melanderia 5: 1-28.
     Морфология и гистология половой системы кочевых муравьев E. caroli и E. wheeleri were undertaken to determine that guest reproduction was correlated with host brood production. Raid trails were less persistent than emigration trails. The guests tested were only able to use chemical trails less than a few hours old for host finding.
     
     
303. Vieira, R. S. and H. Hofer (1994). "Prey spectrum of two army ant species in central Amazonia, with special attention on their effect on spider populations." Andrias 13: 189-198.
     
     
304. Vieira, R. S. and H. Hofer (1998). "Effects of the foraging of Eciton burchelli (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on the spider fauna in the litter of a tropical rain forest in Central Amazonia." Acta Amaz. 28: 345-351.
     
     
305. Viswanath, B. N., V. V. Belvadi, et al. (1981). The sub-family Dorylinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a review. Progress in soil biology and ecology in India. G. K. Veeresh. Hebbal, Bangalore. [11] + 351 p. (= UAS Technical Series India University of Agricultural Sciences 37: 205-217.), University of Agricultural Sciences: 205-217.
     
     
306. Wang, Y. J. (1970). A histological and histochemical study of the larval development of the Nearctic army ant, Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae), Ph.D. dissert., New York University, 70 p. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 31: 4523]
     
     
307. Wasmann, E. (1887). "Neue brasilianische Staphyliniden, bei Eciton hamatum gesammelt von Dr. W. Muller." Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 31: 403-416.
     
     
308. Wasmann, E. (1889). "Neue Ecitongaste aus Sudbrasilien." Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1889: 185-190.
     
     
309. Watkins, J. F., II (1964). "Laboratory experiments on the trail following of army ants of the genus Neivamyrmex (Formicidae: Dorylinae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 37: 22-28.
     
     
310. Watkins, J. F., II (1964). Laboratory studies on behavioral relationships among queens, males, and workers of army ants (Formicidae: Dorylinae: Neivamyrmex), Ph.D. dissert., Kansas State University, 62 p. [Dissert. Abstr. 25: 2118-9]
     
     
311. Watkins, J. F., II (1968). "The rearing of the army ant male, Neivamyrmex harrisi (Haldeman) from larvae collected from a nest of N. wheeleri (Emery)." Am. Midl. Nat. 80: 273-276.
     
     
312. Watkins, J. F., II (1969 ("1968"). "A new species of Neivamyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Louisiana." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 41: 528-531.
     
     
313. Watkins, J. F., II (1971). "A taxonomic review of Neivamyrmex moseri, N. pauxillus, and N. leonardi, including new distribution records and original descriptions of queens of the first two species." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44: 93-103.
     
     
314. Watkins, J. F., II (1972). "The taxonomy of Neivamyrmex texanus, n. sp., N. nigrescens and N. californicus (Formicidae: Dorylinae), with distribution map and keys to the species of Neivamyrmex of the United States." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 45: 347-372.
     
     
315. Watkins, J. F., II (1973). "Neivamyrmex baylori, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Waco, Texas, U.S.A." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 46: 430-433.
     
     
316. Watkins, J. F., II (1974). "Neivamyrmex angulimandibulatus, new species (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Cordoba, Mexico." Southwest. Nat. 19: 309-312.
     
     
317. Watkins, J. F., II (1975). "Neivamyrmex cornutus, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Oaxaca, Mexico." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 48: 92-95.
     
     
318. Watkins, J. F., II (1975). "Neivamyrmex digitistipus, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Costa Rica." Texas J. Sci. 26: 203-206.
     
     
319. Watkins, J. F., II (1975). "Neivamyrmex quadratoocciputus, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from El Salvador." Texas J. Sci. 26: 207-211.
     
     
320. Watkins, J. F., II (1975). "The relationship of Neivamyrmex fuscipennis to N. macropterus (Dorylinae: Formicidae)." Southwest. Nat. 20: 85-90.
     
     
321. Watkins, J. F., II. (1976) "The Identification and Distribution of New World Army Ants (Dorylinae: Formicidae)" (Baylor Univ. Press, Waco, TX - pp.1-102).
     
     
322. Watkins, J. F., II (1976). The identification and distribution of New World army ants (Dorylinae: Formicidae). Waco, Texas, Baylor University Press.
     
     
323. Watkins, J. F., II (1977). "Neivamyrmex nyensis, n. sp. (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from Nye County, Nevada, U.S.A." Southwest. Nat. 22: 421-425.
     
     
324. Watkins, J. F., II (1977). "The species and subspecies of Nomamyrmex (Dorylinae: Formicidae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 50: 203-214.
     
     
325. Watkins, J. F., II (1982). "The army ants of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 55: 197-247.
     
     
326. Watkins, J. F., II (1985). "The identification and distribution of the army ants of the United States of America (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ecitoninae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 58: 479-502.
     
     
327. Watkins, J. F., II (1986). "Neivamyrmex chamelensis, n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) from Jalisco, Mexico." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59: 361-366.
     
     
328. Watkins, J. F., II (1990). "Neivamyrmex crassiscapus, n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) from Mexico." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 63: 348-350.
     
     
329. Watkins, J. F., II (1990 ("1988"). "The army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) of the Chamela Biological Station in Jalisco, Mexico." Folia Entomol. Mex. 77: 379-393.
     
     
330. Watkins, J. F., II (1994 ("1993"). "Neivamyrmex curvinotus, n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) from South America." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 66: 411-413.
     
     
331. Weber, N. A. (1942). "New doryline, cerapachyine and ponerine ants from the Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 44: 40-49.
     
     
332. Weber, N. A. (1949). "A new Panama Eciton (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Am. Mus. Novit. 1441: 1-8.
     
     
333. Westwood, J. O. (1842). Monograph of the hymenopterous group, Dorylides, Pp. 73-80 in: Westwood, J.O. Arcana entomologica; or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects. Volume 1, No. 5. London: W. Smith, pp. 65-80, pl. 17-20.
     
     
334. Westwood, J. O. (1845). "Description of a new species of the Hymenopterous genus Aenictus, belonging to the Dorylidae." J. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1840-1846: 85.
     
     
335. Westwood, J. O. (1847). "Descriptions of a new Dorylideous insect from South Africa, belonging to the genus Aenictus." Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 4: 237-238.
     
     
336. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1964). "The ant larvae of the subfamily Dorylinae: supplement." Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 66: 129-137.
     
     
337. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1974). "Ant larvae of the subfamily Dorylinae: second supplement (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 47: 166-172.
     
     
338. Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. 1976. Ant larvae: review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 1-108.
     
     
339. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1984). "The larvae of the army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a revision." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57: 263-275.
     Обзор и ревизия всех предшествующих статей о личинках кочевых муравьев (Dorylinae). Описаны личинки 22 видов Aenictus, Cheliomyrmex, Dorylus, Eciton, Labidus и Neivamyrmex. Genera are keyed and characterized and each is assigned a specialization index. feeding behavior is discussed. This study does not support the separation of Old World and New World army ants into separate subfamilies.
     
     
340. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1987 (1986)). "Young larvae of Eciton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Psyche 93: 341-349.
     
     
341. Wheeler, W. M. (1900). "The female of Eciton sumichrasti Norton, with some notes on the habits of Texan Ecitons." Am. Nat. 34: 563-574.
     
     
342. Wheeler, W. M. and W. H. Long (1901). "The males of some Texan Ecitons." Am. Nat. 35: 157-173.
     
     
343. Wheeler, W. M. (1925). "The finding of the queen of the army ant Eciton hamatum Fabricius." Biol. Bull. 49: 139-149.
     
     
344. Wheeler, W. M. (1930). "Philippine ants of the genus Aenictus with descriptions of the females of two species." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 38: 193-212.
     
     
345. Whelden, R. M. (1963). "Anatomy of adult queen and workers of army ants Eciton burchelli Westw. and E. hamatum Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [part a]." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71: 14-30.
     
     
346. Whelden, R. M. (1963). "The anatomy of the adult queen and workers of the army ants Eciton burchelli Westwood and Eciton hamatum Fabricus [sic] (continued). [part b]." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71: 90-115.
     
     
347. Whelden, R. M. (1963). "The anatomy of the adult queen and workers of the army ants Eciton burchelli Westwood and Eciton hamatum Fabricus [sic] (continued). [part c]." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71: 158-178.
     
     
348. Whelden, R. M. (1963). "The anatomy of the adult queen and workers of the army ants Eciton burchelli Westwood and Eciton hamatum Fabricus [sic] (continued). [part d]." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71: 246-261.
     
     
349. Willis, Edwin O. (1981). "Momotus momota and Baryphthengus ruficapilus (Momotidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 33: 1636-1640.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Momotidae (момоты из отряда Ракшеобразных).
     
     
350. Willis, E. O. (1982). "Amazonian Bucco and Monasa (Bucconidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 34: 782-785.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Bucconidae (пуховки из отряда Дятлообразных).
     
     
351. Willis, E. O. (1982). "Malacoptila puffbirds (Aves, Bucconidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 34: 924-928.
     
     
352. Willis, Edwin O. (1982). "Notharchus puffbirds (Aves, Bucconidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 34: 777-782.
     
     
353. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Anis (Aves, Cuculidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 33-44.
     
     
354. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Cis-Andean Xiphorhynchus and relatives (Aves, Dendrocolaptidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 133-142.
     
     
355. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Flycatchers, cotingas and drongos (Tyrannidae, Muscicapidae, Cotingidae and Dicruridae) as ant followers." Gerfaut 73: 265-280.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Tyrannidae (момоты из отряда Ракшеобразных), Muscicapidae (мухоловковые), Cotingidae (котинговые), Dicruridae (дронговые).
     
     
356. Willis, Edwin O. (1983). "Jays, mimids, icterids and bulbuls (Corvidae, Mimidae, Icteridae and Pycnontiidae) as ant followers." Gerfaut 73: 37-392.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Corvidae (вороновые), Mimidae (пересмешниковые), Icteridae (трупиаловые), Pycnontiidae (бульбули).
     
     
357. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Piaya cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 29-32.
     
     
358. Willis, E. O. (1983). "A study of ant-following birds of northeastern Brazil." Natl. Geogr. Soc. Res. Rep. 15: 745-748.
     
     
359. Willis, Edwin O. (1983). "Three Dendrocincla woodcreepers (Aves : Dendrocolaptidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult.) 35: 201-204.
     
     
360. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Tinamous, chickens, guans, rails and trumpeters as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 19-22.
     
     
361. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Toucans (Ramphastidaeidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidaeidae) as ant followers." Gerfaut 73: 239-242.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Ramphastidaeidae (туканы), Bucerotidaeidae (птицы-носороги).
     
     
362. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Touracos (Musophagidae), woodpeckers (Picidae), and ovenbirds (Furnariidae) as indirect ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 35: 804-807.
     Идущие не совсем прямо за кочевыми муравьями: Musophagidae (бананоеды), Picidae (дятловые), Furnariidae (печниковые).
     
     
363. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Trans-Andean Xiphorhynchus (Aves, Dendrocolaptidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 125-132.
     
     
364. Willis, E. O. (1983). "Wrens, gnatwrens, rockfowl, babblers and shrikes (Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae, Picathartidae, Timaliidae and Laniidae) as ant followers." Gerfaut 73: 393-404.
     Идущие за кочевыми муравьями: Troglodytidae (крапивниковые), Polioptilidae, Picathartidae (лысые вороны, тимелиевые), Timaliidae (тимелиевые), Laniidae (сорокопутовые).
     
     
365. Willis, Edwin O. (1983 (1982)). "The behavior of red-billed woodcreepers (Hylexetastes perrotti)." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 42: 655-666.
     
     
366. Willis, E. O. (1983 (1982)). "The behavior of scale-backed antbirds." Wilson Bull. 94: 447-462.
     
     
367. Willis, E. O. (1983 (1982)). "Ground-cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 42: 753-756.
     
     
368. Willis, E. O. (1984). "Antshrikes (Aves, Formicariidae) as army ant followers." Pap. Avulsos Zool. 35: 177-182.
     
     
369. Willis, E. O. (1984). "Dysithamnus and Thamnomanes (Aves, Formicariidae) as army ant followers." Pap. Avulsos Zool. 35: 183-18.
     
     
370. Willis, Edwin O. (1984). "Manakins (Aves, Pipridae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 36: 817-823.
     
     
371. Willis, E. O. (1984). "Neotropical thrushes (Turdidae) as army ant followers." Cienc. Cult. 36: 1197-1202.
     
     
372. Willis, E. O. and Y. Oniki (1972). "Ecology and nesting behavior of the chestnut-backed antbird (Myrmeciza exsul)." Condor 74: 87-98.
     
     
373. Willis, E. O. and Y. Oniki (1978). "Birds and army ants." Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9: 243-263.
     
     
374. Willis, Edwin O. and Yoshika Oniki (1992). "As aves e as formigas de correição." Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi Ser. Zool. 8: 123-150.
     Птицы часто сопровождают кочующих муравьев в Неотропике (Eciton burchelli, Labidus praedator) и Африке (Dorylus subgen. Anomma), так как те спугивают насекомых. В Новом свете 28 из 240 видов птиц семейства Муравьеловковых (Formicariidae) регулярно следуют за муравьями. Из других птиц регулярно следуют за колоннами кочующих муравьев следующие семейств: Cuculidae (кукушки) - 4 вида, Dendrocolaptidae (древолазовые) -13 видов, Picathartidae (лысые вороны, тимелиевые) - 2 вида, Pycnonotidae (бульбули) - 3 вида, Turdidae (дрозды) - 14 видов, Thraupidae (танагровые) - 5 видов.
     
     
375. Willis, E. O., D. Wechsler, et Kistler S. (1983 (1982)). "Galbula albirostris (Aves, Galbulidae), Trogon rufus (Trogonidae), and Electron platyrinchum (Momotidae) as army ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 42: 761-766.
     
     
376. Willis, E. O., D. Wechsler, et Stiles F.G. (1983). "Forest-falcons, hawks, and a pygmy-owl as ant followers." Rev. Brasil. Biol. 43: 23-28.
     
     
377. Wilson, E. O. (1958). "The beginnings of nomadic and group-predatory behavior in the ponerine ants." Evolution 12: 24-36.
     
     
378. Wilson, E. O. (1958). "Observations on the behavior of the cerapachyine ants." Insect. Soc. 5: 129-140.
     
     
379. Wilson, E. O. (1964). "The true army ants of the Indo-Australian area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." Pac. Insects 6: 427-483.
     
     
380. Wilson, E. O. (1985). "Ants of the Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 2. The first fossil army ants." Psyche 92: 11-16. [Neivamyrmex ectopus]
     
     
381. Witte, V. and U. Maschwitz (2000). "Raiding and emigration dynamics in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 47: 76-83.
     
     
382. Witte, V. and U. Maschwitz (2002). "Coordination of raiding and emigration in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): a signal analysis." J. Insect Behav. 15(2): 195-217.
     Координация рейдов и эмиграция у понеринового кочующего муравья. Several glandular sources of trail pheromones have been discovered in army ants in general. Nevertheless, at present the understanding of the highly coordinated behavior of these ants is far from complete. The importance of trail pheromone communication for the coordination of raids and emigrations in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda was examined, and its ecological function is discussed. The secretions of at least two glands organize the swarming activities of L. distinguenda. The pygidial gland is the source of an orientation pheromone holding the group of raiding workers together. The same pheromone guides emigrations to new nest sites. In addition, the poison sac contains two further components: one with a weak orientation effect and another which produces strong, but short-term attraction and excitement. The latter component is important in prey recruitment and characterizes raid trails. This highly volatile recruitment pheromone allows the extreme swarm dynamic characteristic of this species. Emigration trails lack the poison gland secretion. Due to their different chemical compositions, the ants are thus able to distinguish between raid and emigration trails. Nest emigration is not induced chemically, but mechanically, by the jerking movements of stimulating workers.
     
     
383. Wygodzinsky, P. (1943). "Nota sobre uma genero de Lepismatideo ecitуfilo (Thysanura: Lepismatidae)." Rev. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 14: 260-262.
     
     
384. Wygodzinsky, P. (1982). "Description of a new species of Trichatelura (Insecta, Thysanura, Nicoletiidae) from Ecuador." Sociobiology 7: 21-24.
     *[T. rettenmeyeri is described from Ecuador with the Eciton hosts given; other Trichatelura from other locations.]
     
     
385. Xie, F. Y. and L. X. Yao (1989). "A study on Dorylus orientalis Westwood." Entomol. Knowl. 26: 291-293.
     
     
386. Xu, Z. (1994). "A taxonomic study of the ant subfamily Dorylinae in China (Hymenoptera Formicidae). [In Chinese]." J. Southwest For. Coll. 14: 115-122.
     
     
387. Young, A. M. (1977). "Butterflies associated with an army ant swarm raid in Honduras: the "feeding hypothesis" as an alternate explanation." J. Lepid. Soc. 31: 190.
     See: Drummond, B.A., III, 1976, Butterflies associated with an army ant swarm raid in Honduras, J. Lepid. Soc. 30: 237-238.
     
     
388. Yamane, S. and Y. Hashimoto (1998). "Army ants and ant collectors. 2. Inventory and reference collections of ants in Asia." Insectarium 35(5): 16-22.
     
     
389. Yamane, S. and Y. Hashimoto (1999). "A remarkable new species of the army ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with a polymorphic worker caste." Tropics 8: 427-432.
     
     
390. Young, A. M. (1979). "Attacks by the army ant Eciton burchelli on nests of the social paper wasp Polistes erythrocephalus in northeastern Costa Rica." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 52: 759-768.
     
     
391. Zakharov, A. A. (1989). "Nomadic territoriality of ants of genus Eciton (Hym., Formicidae) [in Russian with English abstract]." Zool. Zh. 68: 47-56.
     
     
392. Zara, F. J., C. E. V. Toledo, Marques R.M., Caetano F.H. (2002). "The occurrence and foraging behavior of the army ant Eciton vagans dubitatum in the Itirapina area, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Sociobiology 40: 365-372.
     
     
393. Zhang, W. (1994). "A new species of Aenictus from Sichuan Province (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomol. Res. 1: 101-102.
     
     
394. Zhou, S. (1999). "The ant genus Aenictus Shuckard from Guangxi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Guangxi Sci. 6: 63-64.
     
     
     
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