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Муравьиные новости (2004 - №48)

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"Insectes sociaux", Муравьиные НОВОСТИ: Виды-2005 и 2004, Статьи-2005 и 2004


Добавлено 6-6-2005 

Attacobius: и сказал паучок муравью-листорезу "Поехали!" И Полетели они ввысь...

K. Ichinose 1,2,
E-mail: ichis@affrc.go.jp
I. Rinaldi 3,
L. C. Forti 4
1 - Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Science, Japan,
2 - National Agricultural Research Centre for the Kyushu Okinawa Region, Suya 2421, Nishigoshi, Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto-ken, 861-1192, Japan,
3 - Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, UNESP, Brazil,
4 - Department of Vegetal Production, Campus Botucatu, UNESP, Brazil

Winged leaf-cutting ants on nuptial flights used as transport by Attacobius spiders for dispersal



"Ecological Entomology", 2004, Volume 29, Issue 5, Pages 628-631 (October 2004).


      Половые особи муравьев-листрезов Atta bisphaerica Forel, покидают свои гнезда для брачного полета в октябре, ноябре или декабре. У покидающих гнездо 53 из 479 исследованных крылатых половых особей (11.1%) наблюдалось до 3 инквилинных пауков Attacobius luederwaldti (Araneida, Corinnidae), транспортируемых муравьями. В другой работе было показано, что близкий вид этих пауков является мирмекофильным, но все же хищником муравьев [Erthal, M. J. and A. Tonhasca, Jr. (2001). "Attacobius attarum spiders (Corinnidae): myrmecophilous predators of immature forms of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (Formicidae)." Biotropica 33: 374-376].
      В новой работе (K. Ichinose et al., 2004) было обнаружено, что пауки выбирают только крылатых муравьев, но не бескрылых рабочих и предпочитают самок, демонстрирующих более сильные способности к полету. Neither these sexuals nor workers that appeared out of the nest on flight days attempted to remove or attack spiders on the body of alates. Однако, на самках, исследованных после брачного полета пауков уже не было, которые вероятно покинули муравьев для расселения с помощью ветра. Ни одного паука не удалось обнаружить в более чем 100 исследованных молодых муравейниках, только-что заложенных молодыми самками- основательницами с возрастом гнезд до 2 - 3 месяцев.

     

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©2005, Владислав Красильников (перевод, комментарии). Всякое использование без согласования с автором и без активной гиперссылки на наш сайт преследуется в соответствии с Российским законодательством об охране авторских прав.

 
 


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ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Пауки и муравьи
Araneae, spider
    Ссылки по теме с моими дополнениями по паукам (род Attacobius упоминается только в 1 статье, семейство Corinnidae - в 2 статьях, Araneae - в 95 статьях, spider - в 239 статьях, использованной здесь базы Formis-2003):

  1. Allan, R. A., R. J. Capon, Brown, W.V., Elgar, M.A. (2002). "Mimicry of host cuticular hydrocarbons by salticid spider Cosmophasis bitaeniata that preys on larvae of tree ants Oecophylla smaragdina." J. Chem. Ecol.: 835-848.
    Пауки C. bitaeniata (Salticidae) охотятся на личинок зеленого муравья-ткача O. smaragdina. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveal that the cuticle of C. bitaeniata mimics the mono- and dimethylalkanes of the cuticle of its prey. Recognition bioassays with extracts of the cuticular hydrocarbons of ants and spiders revealed that foraging major workers did not respond aggressively to the extracts of the spiders or conspecific nestmates, but reacted aggressively to conspecific nonnestmates. Typically, the ants either failed to react (as with control treatments with no extracts) or they reacted nonaggressively as with conspecific nestmates. These data indicate that the qualitative chemical mimicry of ants by C. bitaeniata allows the spiders to avoid detection by major workers of O. smaragdina.

  2. Allan, R. A., M. A. Elgar, et Capon, R.J. (1996). "Exploitation of an ant chemical alarm signal by the zodariid spider Habronestes bradleyi Walckenaer." Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 263: 69-73.
    В полевых условиях пауки (Zodariidae) часто наблюдались питающимися поврежденными муравьями Iridomyrmex purpureus. В лабораторных условиях пауки питались 95% of the injured I. purpureus, 15% of the Camponotus leae, 5% of the Rhytidoponera victoriae, & 0 of the Camponotus suffusus & Myrmecia simillima. The spider is attracted to the I. purpureus alarm pheromone.

  3. Breene, R. G., R. L. Meagher, Jr., et al. (1993). "Spiders (Araneae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas sugarcane fields." Florida Entomol. 76: 645-650.

  4. Brignoli, P. M. (1986). "Myrmecomorphism again." Newsl. British Arachnol. Soc. 47: 4-5.
    Сделан вывод, что пауки, которые мимикрируют под муравьев имеют преимущество since they can prey on ants & the arthropods associated with ants. There shouldn't be any advantage in protection from predation by spider predators.

  5. Bruning, A. (1991). "The effect of a single colony of the red wood ant, Formica polyctena, on the spider fauna (Araneae) of a beech forest floor." Oecologia 86: 478-483.

  6. Carcamo, H. A. and D. Parkinson (2001). "Localized acidification near sour gas processing plants: are forest floor macro-invertebrates affected?" Appl. Soil Ecol., Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 17: 199-213.

  7. Carico, J. E. (1978). "Predatory behavior in Euryopis funebris (Hentz) (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the evolutionary significance of web reduction." Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 42: 51-58.

  8. Castanho, L. M. and P. S. Oliveira (1997). "Biology and behaviour of the neotropical ant-mimicking spider Aphantochilus regersi (Araneae: Aphantochilidae): nesting, maternal care and ontogeny of ant-hunting techniques." J. Zool. (Lond.) 242: 643-650.

  9. Clark, W. H. (1996). "Predation on the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex tenuispina Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), by the spider, Steatoda fulva (Keyserling) (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Baja California sur, Mexico." Southwest. Entomol. 21(2): 213-217.

  10. Clark, W. H. and P. E. Blom (1992). "Notes on spider (Theridiidae, Salticidae) predation of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex salinus Olsen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae), and a possible parasitoid fly (Chloropidae)." Great Basin Nat. 52(4): 385-386.

  11. Conley, M. R. (1984). Population regulation and prey community impact of Geolycosa rafaelana (Chamberlin) (Araneae: Lycosidae), Ph.D. dissert., New Mexico State University, 82 p.
    Диссертация по биологии пауков Geolycosa rafaelana. Сравнение 9 видов муравьев, occurring on the plots disclosed no difference in colony densities on control versus removal plots. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 45: 766] [Order # AAC 8413844]

  12. Cushing, P. E. (1995). "Description of the spider Masoncus pogonophilus (Araneae, Linyphiidae), a harvester ant myrmecophile." J. Arachnol. 23: 55-59.

  13. Cushing, P. E. (1995). Natural history of the myrmecophilic spider, Masoncus pogonophilus Cushing, and its host ant, Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille), Ph.D Dissert., University of Florida, Gainesville, 131 p.
    Диссертация по биологии мирмекофильных пауков Masoncus pogonophilus (Linyphiidae). Муравьи-жнецы P. badius являются хозяевами для мирмекофильных пауков ловящих Collembola, живущих в муравейниках.[Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 57: 833] [Order # AAT 9618683]

  14. Cushing, P. E. (1997). "Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: a review." Florida Entomol. 80: 165-193.
    http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/

  15. Cushing, P. E. (1998). "Population structure of the ant nest symbiont Masoncus pogonophilus (Araneae: Linyphiidae)." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91: 626-631.
    Муравьи-жнецы P. badius являются хозяевами для мирмекофильных пауков ловящих Collembola, живущих в муравейниках.

  16. Cutler, B. (1980). "Ant predation by Habrocestum pulex (Hentz) (Araneae: Salticidae)." Zool. Anz. 204: 97-101.
    Данные по Канаде и Флориде.

  17. Cutler, B. (1981). "A revision of the spider genus Paradamoetas (Araneae, Salticidae)." Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 170: 207- 215.

  18. Cutler, B. (1985). "Taxonomic notes on Neotropical species in the genus Synemosyna (Araneae: Salticidae)." Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 20: 83-91.

  19. Cutler, B. (1987). "A revision of the american species of the antlike jumping spider genus Synageles (Araneae, Salticidae)." J. Arachnol. 15: 321-348.

  20. Cutler, B. (1991). "Reduced predation on the antlike jumping spider Synageles occidentalis (Araneae: Salticidae)." J. Insect Behav. 4: 401-407.

  21. Denne, K. (1982). "Tutelina similis (Araneae: Salticidae) an ant mimic that feeds on ants." Am. Arachnol. 26: 14.

  22. Dias, M. d. d. and T. K. Brazil (1999). "Behavior and diet supply of Latrodectus group Mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae) in captivity." Rev. Brasil. Zool. 16: 991-996.

  23. Edwards, G. B., J. F. Carroll, et al. (1974). "Stoidis aurata (Araneae: Salticidae), a spider predator of ants." Florida Entomol. 57: 337-346.
    Пауки Stoidis aurata (Hentz), живущие в разнообразных условиях of leaf litter habitats, наблюдались во время их атаки на рабочих муравьев. В лаборатории паукам давали на пробу 23 вида муравьев из 17 родов и 5 подсемейств, но они использовали только 21 из них. Пауки S. aurata имели трудности в преодолении сопротивления рабочих муравьев из родов Aphaenogaster, Crematogaster, Tetramorium, and Formica, и они не нападали на крупных особей вида Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille), Camponotus abdominalis floridanus (Buckley) и Odontomachus ruginodis (Wheeler). Твердый экзоскелет Cyphomyrmex rimosus minutus Mayr и Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook) защищал этих муравьев от нападения и захвата пауками S. aurata. The spider attacked from directly in front of the ant 91% of the time; 77% of these captures were made by grasping the ant by the dorsum of the alitrunk. No other salticid was observed, either in the field or the laboratory, to feed on ant workers, even though individuals of 20 other salticids were tested under similar conditions. Два вида прыгающих пауков, Plexippus paykulli (Audouin) и Thiodina sylvana (Hentz), наблюдались питающимися крылатыми муравьями [Odontomachus brunneus, (= Odontomachus ruginodis)]

  24. Edwards, G. B., Jr. (1980). Taxonomy, ethology, and ecology of Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae) in eastern North America, Ph.D. dissert., University of Florida, 362 p.
    Из муравьев упомянуты виды Camponotus nearcticus, Conomyrma, Formica pallidefulva, Leptothorax pergandei, Monomorium, Pheidole, Pheidole dentata, Pheidole metallescens, Pseudomyrmex pallidus, Solenopsis geminata. Мелкие виды муравьев предлагались в качестве добычи паукам, the naive spiderlings initially attacked the ants, but were driven away by the ants. Spiderlings thereafter avoided ants for up to 4 days, demonstrating a basic trial-and-error memory. Adult Phidippus generally avoid ants in the field and laboratory is evidence that this type of memory is long-lasting. [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 42: 493-4] [Order # AAC 8115630]

  25. Erthal, M. J. and A. Tonhasca, Jr. (2001). "Attacobius attarum spiders (Corinnidae): myrmecophilous predators of immature forms of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (Formicidae)." Biotropica 33: 374-376.

  26. Fink, L. S. (1987). "Green lynx spider egg sacs: sources of mortality and function of female guarding (Araneae, Oxyopidae)." J. Arachnol. 15: 231-239.
    Муравьи были одной из 3 главных причин смертности коконов с яйцами пауков

  27. Fowler, H. G. and E. M. Venticinque (1996). "Interference competition and scavenging by Crematogaster ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with the webs of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the Central Amazon." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 69: 267-269.

  28. Galiano, M. E. (1971). "Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes: X. Revision del genero Fluda Peckham, 1892." Physis, Secc. C 30: 573-599.

  29. Galiano, M. E. (1971). "Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes: XI. El genero Parafluda Chickering, 1946." Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 33: 63-68.

  30. Galiano, M. E. (1971). "Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes: XII. Descripcion de Allotypus de Synemosyna paraensis Galiano, 1967." Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 33: 133-135.

  31. Galiano, M. E. (1972). "Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes: XIII. Revision del genero Billata Peckham, 1892." Physis, Secc. C 31: 463- 484.

  32. Gillespie, R. G. and N. Reimer (1993). "The effect of alien predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Hawaiian endemic spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)." Pac. Sci. 47: 21-33.

  33. Harkness, R. D. (1975). "The relation between an ant, Cataglyphis bicolor (F.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and a spider, Zodarium frenatum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae)." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 111: 141-146.

  34. Harkness, R. D. (1977 (1976)). "Further observations on the relation between an ant, Cataglyphis bicolor (F.) (Hym., Formicidae) and a spider, Zodarium frenatum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae)." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 112: 111-121, Plate 3-4.
    Об отношениях паука Zodarium frenatum с муравьями-бегунками Cataglyphis bicolor по материалам из Туниса с помощью мирмеколога R. Wehner.

  35. Holldobler, B. (1970). "Steatoda fulva (Theridiidae), a spider that feeds on harvester ants." Psyche 77: 202-208.

  36. Ibarra-Nunez, G., J. A. Garcia, et al. (2001). "Prey analysis in the diet of some ponerinae ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and web- building spiders (Araneae) in coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico." Sociobiology 37: 723-755.

  37. Jackson, R. R. (1986). "The biology of ant-like jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae): prey and predatory behaviour of Myrmarachne with particular attention to M. lupata from Queensland." J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 88: 179-190.

  38. Jackson, R. R., D. Li, et al. (1998). "Prey-capture techniques and prey preferences of nine species of ant-eating jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Philippines." N. Z. J. Zool. 25: 249-??

  39. Jackson, R. R. and A. M. Macnab (1989). "Display behaviour of Corythalia canosa, an ant-eating jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) from Florida." N. Z. J. Zool. 16: 169-183.

  40. Jackson, R. R. and A. Van Olphen (1991). "Prey-capture techniques and prey preferences of Corythalia canosa and Pystira orbiculata, ant-eating jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)." J. Zool. (London) 223: 577-591.

  41. Jackson, R. R. and A. Van Olphen (1992). "Prey-capture techniques and prey preferences of Chrysilla, Natta and Siler, ant-eating jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Kenya and Sri Lanka." J. Zool. (Lond.) 227: 163-170.

  42. Jackson, R. R. and M. B. Willey (1994). "The comparative study of the predatory behaviour of Myrmarachne, ant-like jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)." Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 77-102.

  43. Kielczewski, B. and J. Wisniewski (1974). From studies on the acarofauna of Formica rufa L. and Formica polyctena Forst. nests on the background of other accompanying Arthropoda. Warsaw, Foreign Scientific Publications Department of the National Center for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information, Technical Translation TT 73-54029, 11 p.
    Перевод с польского: Kielczewski, B., & J. Wisniewski, 1962, Z badan nad akarofauna gniazd Formica rufa L. i F. polyctena Forst. na tle pozostalych stawonogow towarzyszacych, Prace z Zakresu Entomologii Lesnej 13: 3-13. *[Acaridae (=Tyroglyphidae), Biscirus silvaticus (=Bdella silvatica), Oribatulidae (=Scheloribatidae), Peragamasus brevicornis (=Gamasus crassipes brevicornis)]

  44. Lockley, T. C. (1995). "Observations of predation on alate queens of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by the black and yellow garden spider (Araneae: Araneidae)." Florida Entomol. 78: 609-610.
    О питании пауков самками огненого муравья. Найдено 37 самок муравьев (15% вылетевших из муравейника) в паутинах. 13 were released by the spider, some unable to fly because they had silk webbing attached to their wings & bodies.

  45. MacKay, W. P. (1982). "The effect of predation of western widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) on harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Oecologia 53: 406-411.
    Пауки представляются авторам как важные хищники в популяциях муравьев. Western widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus) predation on Pogonomyrmex rugosus ant nests is slight, less than 0.2% of the nest population per day. Yet, the ants respond by halting foraging temporarily and may even close the nest entrance with pebbles. If spiders are removed from such nests, the ants become active within 24 h and within five days foraging activity reaches higher levels than at any previous time of the year. Ants have at least four responses to spiders predation: 1) Moving the nest entrance; 2)posting of 'guards'; 3) attacking the spiders; 4) halting foraging. Pogonomyrmex rugosus practices the fourth response, although it results in losses of food intake into the nest. This is apparently the only option available. If the ants continue to forage, the spider density may increase, resulting in heavy mortality of the ants.

  46. MacKay, W. P. and S. B. Vinson (1989). "Evaluation of the spider Steatoda triangulosa (Araneae: Theridiidae) as a predator of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 97: 232-233.

  47. McIver, J. D. and G. Stonedahl (1993). "Myrmecomorphy: morphological and behavioral mimicry of ants." Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38: 351-379.
    Среди прочих вопросов мимикрии и мимикрирующих под муравьев животных упоминаются в ключевых словах этой стать такие виды пауков: Araneida, spider, Misumenops, Sassacus papenhoei, Tutelina similis, Aphantochilidae, Aphantochilus, Aphantochilus rogersi, Bucranium, Araneidae, Melychiopharis, Micrathena, Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Apochinomma, Castianeira memnonia, Castianeira rica, Corinna, Corinna vertebrata, Mazax, Mazax pax, Mazax rettenmeyeri, Myrmecium, Myrmecium guonelly, Myrmecotypus, Sphecotypus, Strophius nigricans, Eresidae, Seothyra, Gnaphosidae, Micaria, Philodromidae, Tibellus, Salticidae, Belippo, Consingis, Cosmophasis, Habronattus mexicanus, Martella, Myrmarachne, Myrmarachne legon, Myrmarachne lupata, Paradamoetas, Peckhamia, Phidippus clarus, Sarinda, Synageles, Synageles occidentalis, Synemosyna, Synemosyna americana, Synemosyna aurantiaca, Zuniga magna, Theridiidae, Anatea, Cerocida, Coleosoma, Helvibis, Thomisidae, Amyciaea, Amyciaea forticeps, Zodariidae, Storena, Zodarium.

  48. Noonan, G. R. (1982). "Notes on interactions between the spider Eilica puno (Gnaphosidae) and the ant Camponotus inca in the Peruvian Andes." Biotropica 14: 145-148.
    Взрослые и молодые пауки живут под камнями, очевидно вместе с муравьиными колониями. Ants rescued spider egg sacs. Ants were never seen to attack the spiders

  49. Nyffeler, M. and G. Benz (1981). "Freilanduntersuchungen zur Nahrungsokologie der Spinnen: Beobachtungen aus der Region Zurich." Anz. Schadlingskd. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 54: 33-39.
    Ants comprised over 90% of the prey items of Achaeranea riparia. Пауки Agelena labyrinthica, Agelena similis, и Xysticus cristatus питались муравьями.

  50. Nyffeler, M., D. A. Dean, et Sterling, W.L. (1987). "Feeding ecology of the orb-weaving spider Argiope aurantia [Araneae: Araneidae] in a cotton agroecosystem." Entomophaga 32: 367-375.
    Красный огненный муравей RIFA составлял около 6% добычи пауков A. aurantia. P. harpax was 3 out of 44 prey items in A. aurantia webs in grassland]

  51. Nyffeler, M., D. A. Dean, et Sterling, W.L. (1988). "The southern black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans (Araneae: Theridiidae), as a predator of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Texas cotton fields." J. Appl. Entomol. 106: 52- 57.
    Красный огненный муравей RIFA составлял около 75% добычи пауков

  52. Nyffeler, M., D. A. Dean, et Sterling, W.L. (1989). "Prey selection and predatory importance of orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Uloboridae) in Texas cotton." Environ. Entomol. 18: 373-380.
    Красный огненный муравей S. invicta usually carried away carcasses discarded from spider webs. S. invicta usually trapped in webs close to ground; 12.6% of prey found in webs was S. invicta.]

  53. Nyffeler, M. and W. L. Sterling (1994). "Comparison of the feeding niche of polyphagous insectivores (Araneae) in a Texas cotton plantation: Estimates of niche breath and overlap." Environ. Entomol. 23: 1294-1303.
    Большинство пауков охотится за красными огненными муравьями. Latrodectus mactans immatures fed almost exclusively of fire ants.] The feeding niches of 10 spider species that are polyphagous insectivores were compared by computing coefficients of niche breadth and niche overlap. The study is based on predation evidence from an insecticide-free cotton plantation in east Texas. All overlap values were <1.00 (range, 0.08-0.94), which indicates that each spider species has its own feeding niche in the cotton agroecosystem. Diet breadth, that is inversely related to feeding specialization, was computed for each species. The highest value was approximately five times higher than the minimum, which indicates considerable differences between species in feeding specialization. Diet breadth values indicate that large web weavers exhibited a less specialized feeding behavior (relatively broad feeding niche) compared with small web weavers (narrow feeding niche). Prey specialists in this study concentrated on either aphids or fire ants as a primary food source. The nonweb-building spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz, which actively searches the cotton plant for prey (up to approximately 6 mm maximum length), showed the highest diet breadth value (broad feeding niche) under the conditions of this experiment. This abundant species, which is considered a highly beneficial biocontrol agent of smaller cotton pests, shows high flexibility in its foraging patterns.

  54. Nyffeler, M., W. L. Sterling, et D. A. Dean. (1992). "Diets, feeding specialization, and predatory role of two lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus and Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae) in a Texas cotton agroecosystem." Environ. Entomol. 21: 1457-1465.

  55. Nyffeler, M., W. L. Sterling, et D. A. Dean. (1992). "Impact of the striped lynx spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and other natural enemies on the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas cotton." Environ. Entomol. 21: 1178-1188.

  56. Oliveira, P. S. (1986). "Ant-mimicry in some spiders from Brazil." Bull. Soc. Zool. France 111: 297-311.

  57. Oliveira, P. S. (1988). "Ant-mimicry in some Brazilian salticid and clubionid spiders (Araneae: Salticidae, Clubionidae)." Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 33: 1-15.

  58. Oliveira, P. S. and I. Sazima (1984). "The adaptive bases of ant-mimicry in a neotropical aphantochilid spider (Araneae: Aphantochilidae)." Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22: 145-155.

  59. Oliveira, P. S. and I. Sazima (1985). "Ant-hunting behaviour in spiders with emphasis on Strophius nigricans (Thomisidae)." Bull. Brit. Arachnol. Soc. 6: 309-312.

  60. Parker, J. R. (1984). "Spiders associated with ants." Newsl. British Arachnol. Soc. 41: 4.
    Британские мирмекофильные и мимикрирующие под муравьев пауки не охотятся на муравьев. Arachnida, Araneae, Micaria, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Salticidae, Synageles, Theridiidae, Dipoena, Stedatoda, Theridion

  61. Parker, J. R. and J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson (1986). "Myrmecophilous spiders." Newsl. British Arachnol. Soc. 45: 2-4.
    Atta, Camponotus rogersi, Cryptocerus atratus, Ectatomma ruidum, Megalomyrmex, Odontomachus, Pachycondyla tridentata, Polyrhachis, Zacryptocerus pusillus, Africa, Asia, Sarawak, Europe, England, UK, North America, Costa Rica, Panama, USA, South America, Brazil, Peru, Trinidad, scientific, prey, nest, behavior, symbiont, myrmecophile, predator, mimicry, aggressive, spider, Arachnida, Araneae, Clubionidae, Castianeira rica, Mazax pax, Myrmecium, Gnaphosidae, Callilepis nocturna, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, Belippo, Bocus, Cosmophasis, Myrmarachne, Myrmarachne plataleoides, Thomisidae, Aphantochilus rogersi, Strophius nigricans, Zodariidae

  62. Pekar, S. and J. Kral (2002). "Mimicry complex in two central European zodariid spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae): how Zodarion deceives ants." Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 517-532.

  63. Porter, S. D. and D. A. Eastmond (1982). "Euryopis coki (Theridiidae), a spider that preys on Pogonomyrmex ants." J. Arachnol. 10: 275 -277.

  64. Porter, S. D. (1985). "Masoncus spider: a miniature predator of Collembola in harvester ant colonies." Psyche 92: 145-150.
    Не описанный до сих пор вид пауков из рода Masoncus (Linyphiidae: Erigoninae) обнаружен в муравейниках Pogonomyrmex badius. This miniature spider is a predator of Collembola and all of its life stages were present in the harvester ant colonies. Includes table listing symbotic spiders & their hosts.

  65. Porter, S. D. and D. A. Eastmond (1982). "Euryopis coki (Theridiidae), a spider that preys on Pogonomyrmex ants." J. Arachnol. 10: 275 -277.

  66. Prentice, T. R., J. C. Burger, et al. (2001). "Spiders from Riversidian coastal sage scrub with comparisons to diegan scrub fauna (Arachnida: Araneae)." Pan-Pac. Entomol. 77: 90-122.

  67. Reiskind, J. (1965). "The taxonomic problem of sexual dimporhism in spiders and a synonymy in Myrmecotypus (Araneae, Clubionidae)." Psyche 72: 279-281.

  68. Reiskind, J. (1977). "Ant-mimicry in Panamanian clubionid and salticid spiders (Araneae: Clubioinidae, Salticidae)." Biotropica 9: 1- 8.
    Camponotus brevis, Camponotus fastigatus, Camponotus sericeiventris, Ectatomma ruidum, Pachycondyla carinulata, Pachycondyla obscuricornis, Pachycondyla striatinodis, Pachycondyla villosa, Pseudomyrmex boopis, Pseudomyrmex mexicanus, Araneae, Clubionidae, Castianeira dentata, Castianeira dubium, Castianeira memnonia, Mazax pax, Mazax spinosa, Myrmecotypus pilosus, Myrmecotypus rettenmeyeri, Salticidae, Martella furva, Myrmarachne parallela, Synemosyna americana, Synemosyna, Uluella formosa, Zuniga magna

  69. Reiskind, J. and H. W. Levi (1967). "Anatea, an ant-mimicking theridiid spider form New Caledonia (Araneae: Theridiidae)." Psyche 74: 20-23.

  70. Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1970). "Insect mimicry." Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15: 43-74.
    Pogonomyrmex, Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America, review, polymorphism, behavior, stridulation, tending Homoptera, mimicry, mimic, Batesian, Mullerian, aggressive, Wasmannian, symbiont, myrmecophile, inquiline, predator, Acarina, mite, Pyemotidae, Perperipes ornithocephala, Araneida, spider, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, Thomisidae, Zodariidae, Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Traphylinidae, Hymenoptera, Mutillidae, Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Myrmecophilidae, Myrmecophilia

  71. Shepard, M. and F. Gibson (1972). "Spider-ant symbiosis: Cotinusa spp. (Araneida: Salticidae) and Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Can. Entomol. 104: 1951-54.

  72. Snelling, R. R. (1983). "Prey-stalking behavior of a thomisid spider, Xysticus californicus Keyserling (Araneae: Thomisidae)." Entomol. News 94: 201-203.

  73. Viera, C. (1986). "Comportamiento de captura de Metepeira sp. A. (Araneae, Araneidae) sobre Acromyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en condiciones experimentales." Aracnologia 6: 1-8.
    Охота пауков Metepeira sp. A. (Araneae, Araneidae) на муравьев Acromyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) в экспериментальных условиях.

  74. Viera, C. (1994). "Analisis del comportamiento depredador de Metepeira seditiosa (Keyserling) (Araneae, Araneidae) en condiciones experimentales." Arachnologia 8 Supl.: 1-9.

  75. Viera, C. (1995). "Discriminacion por Metepeira seditiosa (Keyserling) (Araneae, Araneidae) en condiciones experimentales sobre dos presas frecuentes en el medio." J. Arachnol. 23: 17-24.
    Поведение пауков Metepeira seditiosa (Keyserling) (Araneae, Araneidae) в экспериментальных условиях.

  76. Viera, C. and F. G. Costa (1988). "Analisis del comportamiento de captura de presas por machos adultos de Metepeira sp. A (Araneae, Araneidae), utilizando telas de juveniles y hembras adultas coespecificos." J. Arachnol. 16: 141-152.
    Анализ охотничьего поведения пауков (взрослых самцов) Metepeira sp. A (Araneae, Araneidae), использующих паутины самок.

  77. Waller, D. A. and J. C. Moser (1990). Invertebrate enemies and nest associates of the leaf-cutting ant Atta texana (Buckley) (Formicidae, Attini). Applied myrmecology, a world perspective. R. K. Vander Meer, K. Jaffe and A. Cedeno. Boulder, CO. 741 p., Westview Press: 255-273.
    Обзор всех обитателй гнезд муравьев-листорезов Atta texana. В списке ключевых слов перечислены: МУРАВЬИ Labidus coecus, Neivamyrmex fallax, Ponera trigona, ТАРАКАНЫ Blattaria, Arenivaga bolliana, Arenivaga tonkawa, Attaphilidae, cockroach, Attaphila fungicola,
           ЖУКИ Coleoptera, Alleculidae, Hymenorus discretus, Lobopoda aubruneata, Lobopoda opacicollis, Carabidae, Tachyura dolosa, Chrysomelidae, Megalostomis major, Elateridae, Conoderus xystus, Histeridae, Acritus, Acritus attaphilitus, Geomysaprinus, Saprinus, Gnathoncus, Reninus salvini, Hydrophilidae, Oosternum attacomis, Lycidae, Ptiliidae, Acrotichus, Nephanes, Pselaphidae, Melba, Scarabaeidae, Cotinis longitarsis, Euparixia moseri, Euphoriaspis aestuosa, Scydmaenidae, Eumicrus, Scydmaenus, Staphylinidae, Atheta, Belonuchus, Tinotus, Collembola, Cyphoderidae, Entomobryidae, Pseudosinella violenta,
           ДВУКРЫЛЫЕ Diptera, Bibionidae, Bibio femoratus, Borboridae, Ceratopogonidae, Forcipomyia, Ephydridae, Philygria fuscicornis, Milichiidae, Milichia, Pholeomyia comans, Pholeomyia leucogastra, Pholeomyia texensis, Muscidae, Fannia moseri, Phoridae, Apocephalus wallerae, Megaselia, Myrmosicarius texanus, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus, Sciaridae, Bradysia fenestralis, Sciara varians, Sphaeroceridae, Leptocera, Hemiptera, Cydnidae, Tominotus unisetosus,
           ПЕРЕПОНЧАТОКРЫЛЫЕ Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Cynipidae, Diapriidae, Coptera pholeomyiae, Galesus nr. punctiger, Psilus pholeomyiae, Scoliidae, Scolia guttata,
           БАБОЧКИ Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Amydria confusella,
          Thysanura, nr. Atelura, nr. Attatelura, Grassiella, Grassiella wheeleri,
           ПРЯМОКРЫЛЫЕ Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae, Ceuthophilus nr. umbratus, Myrmecophilidae, Myrmecophilia, Myrmecophilia nebrascensis,
           КЛЕЩИ Acarina, mite, Acaridae, Schwiebea, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Ascaidae, Dendrolaelaps, Proctolaelaps, Digamasellidae, Protogamasellus primitivis, Macrochelidae, Macrocheles, Tarsonemidae, Tarsonemus, Trombidiidae, Microtrombidium, Typhlotrombidium tridentifer, Uropodidae, Dinychus, Fuscourorpoda marginata, Oplitis attaae, Trichouropoda marginata, Uraseius, Vaigiidae,
           Annelida, Enchytraeidae, Arachnoidea, pseudoscorpion, Chernetidae, Allochernes,
           ПАУКИ Araneida, spider, Agelenidae, Circuina arcuta, Circuina robusta, Ctenizidae, Bothricocyrtum, Gnaphosidae, Cesonia bilineata, Linyphiidae, Grammonota pictilis, Masoncus, Lycosidae, Pirata spiniger,
           Chilopoda, Crustacea, Isopoda, Platyarthridae, Platyarthrus scoblii, Diplopoda, millipede, Entrophi, Japygidae, Metajapyx subterraneus, Nematoda, Mermithoidea, Mermithida, nematode. *[Geomysaprinus (= Saprinus), Coptera (= Psilus) pholeomyiae, near Atelura (= Attatelura), Dinychus (= Uraseius), Trichouropoda (= Fuscourorpoda) marginata, Circuina arcuta = Circuina robusta.

  78. Wing, K. (1983). "Tutelina similis (Araneae: Salticidae): an ant mimic that feeds on ants." J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 56: 55-58.
    Пауки T. similis наблюдались преследующими муравьев Camponotus, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis

  79. Witte, V., H. Hanel, Weissflog, A., Rosli, H., Maschwitz, U. (1999). "Social integration of the myrmecophilic spider Gamasomorpha maschwitzi (Araneae: Oonopidae) in colonies of the South East Asian army ant, Leptogenys distinguenda (Formicidae: Ponerinae)." Sociobiology 34: 145-159.

 
 

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