ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПО БИОЛОГИИ, ЭКОЛОГИИ, ФАУНЕ И СИСТЕМАТИКЕ РОДА Myrmica

1758 - 2008

Здесь собраны около 300 основных работ по роду Myrmica, который упоминается в 1682 статьях базы Formis-2003 (и в 596 заголовках), род Sifolinia - в 44 статьях, Paramyrmica - 13, Sommimyrma - 5, Symbiomyrma - 5 (другие термины: microgynes - в 7 статьях, macrogynes -4). Также смотрите работы из русскоязычной библиографии Зрянина здесь >>>. Ниже приведены только часть из них (около 300).



1. Ангальт В. З., Мальцев М. И., Сейма Ф. А. 1971. Изучение активности Myrmica ruginodis методом векторных графиков // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. IV Всес. мирмекол. симп. М., 1971. С. 81.
   
   
2. Аракелян Г. Р. 1989. Не известная ранее половая особь муравья Myrmica ravasinii Finzi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) из Армении // Биологический журн. Армении. 1989. Т. 42. С. 733 – 736.
   
   
3. [Арнольди К. В.] Arnol'di, K. V. (1930). "Studien uber die Systematik der Ameisen. VI. Eine neue parasitische Ameise, mit Bezugnahme auf die Frage nach der Entstehung der Gattungsmerkmale bei den parasitaren Ameisen." Zool. Anz. 91: 267-283.
   
   
4. Арнольди К. В. (1970). Муравьи рода Myrmica европейской части СССР// Зоол.журн., Т.49, Вып. 12, с. 1829 - 1843.
   
   
5. Арнольди К. В. (1976) Муравьи рода Myrmica Latr. Средней Азии и Южного Казахстана. Зоол.журн., 55(4), 547–558.
   Описаны новые виды и подвиды: M. juglandeti, M. kryzhanovskii, M. lobicornis foreliella, M. lobicornis kirgisorum, M. minuta iskanderi, M. minuta tarbinskii, M. orthostyla, M. sancta tshuliensis, M. tianshanica, & M. tianshanica alajensis.
   
   
6. Арнольди К. В., Длусский Г. М. 1978. Formicidae - муравьи. Определитель насекомых европейской части СССР, Т. III, Вып. 1, с. 519 - 556.
   Определитель всех видов региона
   
   
7. Гридина Т. И. 1988. К экологии питания муравьев рода Myrmica // Биол. основы использования полезных насекомых. М., 1988. С. 52 – 54.
   
   
8. Гридина Т. И. 1991. Межвидовые взаимоотношения Myrmica в горно-луговом сообществе // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. IХ Всерос. мирмекол. симп. М., 1991. С. 52 – 55.
   
   
9. Дашевский Б. А., Карась А. Я., Удалова Г. П. 1989. Пластичность поведения муравьев Myrmica rubra при обучении в симметричном многоальтернативном лабиринте // Ж. высш. нерв. деят. 1989. Т. 39, № 1. С. 81 – 89.
   
   
10. Демченко А. В. С1976. укцессия муравьев родов Myrmica, Lasius в еловых насаждениях Подмосковья // Тр. МЛТИ. Вопросы защиты леса. М., 1976. Т. 90. С. 80 – 87.
    
    
11. Демченко А. В. 1988. Организация комплекса муравейников рода Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) // Зоол. журн. 1988. Т. 67, № 7. С. 1002 – 1012.
    
    
12. Демченко А. В. 1994. Внутригнездовая структура семьи Myrmica rubra // «Поведение животных и принципы самоорганизации»: Тез. Всерос. конф. Борок, 1994. С. 35.
    
    
13. Демченко А. В. 1994. Зависимость комплекса муравейников Myrmica от состояния насаждения // Охрана лесных экосистем и рекреационное использование лесных ресурсов»: Тез. Всерос. науч.-техн. конф. М., 1994. Т. 3. С. 15 – 16.
    
    
14. Демченко А. В. 1995. Внутригнездовая структура семьи Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) // Успехи совр. биологии. 1995. Т. 115, № 4. С. 452 – 458.
    
    
15. Забелин С. И. 1979. Значение антеннального контакта при выборе направления движения к приманке в лабиринте у муравьев Myrmica rubra и Tapinoma simrothi karavajevi // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. VI Всес. мирмекол. симп. Тарту, 1979. С. 99 – 101.
    
    
16. Жигульская З. А. 1990. Новый вид муравья рода Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) с Верхней Колымы // Зоол. журн. 1990. Т. 70, № 5. С. 58 – 62.
    
    
17. Имамгалиев А. А., Лопатина Е. Б. 1999. Широтная изменчивость скорости и термолабильности развития куколок муравья Myrmica ruginodis // 5 Междунар. колл. по общественным насекомым. М., 1999. С. 36.
    
    
18. Карась А. Я., Удалова Г. П., Дашевский Б. А. 1986. Пространственно-моторная ассиметрия при обучении муравьев Myrmica // Деп. ВИНИТИ. Биологические науки. 1986. № 6741-B 86. 21 с.
    
    
19. Карась А. Я., Удалова Г. П., Загораева Е. В. 1986. Роль мотивации при обучении муравьев Myrmica rubra в многоальтернативном лабиринте // Вестн. ЛГУ. Л., 1986. Т. 4. С. 43 – 52.
    
    
20. Карась А. Я., Удалова Г. П. 1997. Анализ пространства по признаку «правое-левое» у муравьев Myrmica rubra // Матер. Междунар. колл. по общественным насекомым. СПб., 1997. Т. 3 – 4. С. 189 – 194.
    
    
21. Карась А. Я., Удалова Г. П. 1998. Роль различных сенсорных стимулов в ориентационном поведении Myrmica rubra // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер Х Всерос. мирмекол. симп. М., 1998. С. 113 – 116.
    
    
22. Кипятков В. Е. (1971). Фотопериодическая реакция и холодостойкость у муравья Myrmica rubra L. // Холодостойкость насекомых и клещей: Матер. Всес. симп. Тарту, 1971. С. 35 – 38.
    
    
23. Кипятков В. Е. (1972). Обнаружение фотопериодической реакции у муравьев рода Myrmica // ДАН СССР. 1972. Т. 205. С. 251 – 253.
    
    
24. Кипятков В. Е. (1973). Изучение влияния фотопериода и физиологического состояния рабочих особей на развитие личинок муравьев рода мирмика // Механизмы биологических процессов: Матер. конф. молодых специалистов. Л., 1973. С. 117.
    
    
25. Кипятков В. Е. (1974). Изучение фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). I. Основные параметры реакции // Энтомол. обозр. 1974. Т. 53, № 3. С. 535 – 545.
    
    
26. Кипятков В. Е. (1974). Изучение фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. II. Влияние фотопериода и физиологического состояния рабочих муравьев на развитие личинок // Вестн. Ленингр. ун-та. Л., 1974. Вып. 9. С. 17 – 24.
    
    
27. Кипятков В. Е. (1974). Основные особенности фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. // Тез. докл. VII съезда ВЭО. Л., 1974. С. 174.
    
    
28. Кипятков В. Е. (1974). Фотопериодическая реакция и регуляция сезонного развития у муравья Myrmica rubra L. Автореф. канд. дисс. Л., 1974. 22 с.
    
    
29. Кипятков В. Е. (1976). Изучение фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 5. Восприятие фотопериодической информации колонией муравьев // Энтомол. обозр. 1976. Т. 55, № 4. С. 777 – 789.
    
    
30. Кипятков В. Е. (1977). Изучение фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). III. Особенности температурной коррекции // Вестн. ЛГУ. 1977. Вып. 3. С. 14 – 21.
    
    
31. Кипятков В. Е. (1977). Изучение фотопериодической реакции у муравья Myrmica rubra L. 4. Фотопериодическая реактивация // Зоол. журн. 1977. Т. 56, № 1. С. 60 – 71.
    
    
32. Кипятков В. Е. (1979). Феромон реактивации, регулирующий процессы развития и яйцекладку у муравья Myrmica rubra // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. VI Всес. мирмекол. симп. Тарту, 1979. С. 112 – 115.
    
    
33. Кипятков В. Е. (1979). Экология фотопериодизма у муравья Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 1. Сезонные изменения фотопериодической реакции // Энтомол. обозр. 1979. Т. 58, № 3. С. 490 – 499.
    
    
34. Кипятков В. Е., Лопатина Е. Б. (1988). Передача корма рабочими муравьями Myrmica rubra L. личинкам в различных фотопериодических условиях // Вестн. Ленингр. ун-та. Л., 1988. Вып. 17. С. 14 – 21.
    
    
35. Кипятков В. Е., Лопатина Е. Б. (1988). Этологические механизмы фотопериодической регуляции развития личинок у муравья Myrmica rubra // Биол. основы использования полезных насекомых. М., 1988. С. 78 – 81.
    
    
36. Кипятков В. Е., Лопатина Е. Б. (1989). Количественное изучение поведения муравьев Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) в связи с фотопериодической реакцией развития личинок // Энтомол. обозр. 1989. Т. 68, № 2. С. 251 – 261.
    
    
37. Кипятков В. Е., Лопатина Е. Б. (1989). Поведение рабочих муравьев Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) при кормлении личинок // Зоол. журн. 1989. Т. 68, № 1. С. 50 – 59.
    
    
38. Малоземова Л. А., Неткачева С. Б. (1982). О взаимоотношениях муравьев Lasius niger L. и Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. в многовидовой ассоциации муравейников // Фауна Урала и прилежащих территорий. Свердловск, 1982. С. 114 – 124.
    
    
39. Орлова Т. А., Суворов А. А. 1979. Особенности мобилизации в муравейниках Myrmica с постоянными выходами // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. VI Всес. мирмекол. симп. Тарту, 1979. С. 121 – 124.
    
    
40. Радченко А.Г. (1994). Таксономическая структура рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Евразии. Сообщение 1. Зоол.журн., 73(6), 39–51.
    
    
41. Радченко А.Г. (1994). Определительная таблица муравьев рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) центральной и восточной Палеарктики. Зоол.журн., 73(7–8), 130–145.
    
    
42. Радченко А. Г. (1994). Обзор видов группы Scabrinodis рода Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Центральной и Восточной Палеарктики // Зоол. журн. 1994. Т. 73, № 9. С. 75 – 82.
    
    
43. Радченко А.Г. (1994). Обзор групп rubra, rugosa, arnoldii, luteola и schencki рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) центральной и восточной Палеарктики. Зоол.журн., 73(11), 122-132.
    
    
44. Радченко А. Г. (1994). Обзор видов группы Lobicornis рода Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Центральной и Восточной Палеарктики // Зоол. журн. 1994. Т. 73, № 11. С. 81 – 92.
    
    
45. Сейма Ф. А. 1987. Пространственное взаимодействие муравьев рода Myrmica в многочленной ассоциации // Фауна и экология насекомых Урала. Свердловск, 1987. С. 68 – 72.
    
    
46. Суворов А. А. 1987. Влияние деятельности муравьев Myrmica rubra на плотность беспозвоночных в кочках и пнях // Проблемы почв. зоологии: Тез. докл. IX Всес. сов. Тбилиси, 1987. С. 289 – 290.
    
    
47. Удалова Г. П., Карась А. Я. 1986. Асимметрия направления движения у муравьев Myrmica rubra при обучении в лабиринте в условиях пищевой мотивации // Журн. высш. нерв. днят. 1986. Т. 36, № 4. С. 707 – 714.
    
    
48. Удалова Г. П., Карась А. Я. 1989. Асимметрия направления движения у муравья Myrmica rubra // Ж. эволюц. биохимии и физиол. 1989. Т. 25, № 1. С. 27 – 37.
    
    
49. Удалова Г. П., Жуковская М. И., Карась А. Я. 1991. Ориентация муравьев Myrmica rubra в лабиринте при мотивации заботы о потомстве // Ориентация насекомых и клещей. Томск, 1991. С. 87 – 90.
    
    
50. Удалова Г. П., Жуковская М. И., Карась А. Я. 1991. Способность муравьев Myrmica rubra к множественным переделкам лабиринтного навыка // Журн. высш. нерв. днят. 1991. Т. 41, № 6. С. 1154 – 1162.
    
    
51. Федосеева Е. Б. 1997. Фуражировка и возрастная структура муравьев Myrmica rubra // Тез. докл. Всеросс. конф. «Изменчивость поведения животных: описание, классификация и анализ». Борок, 1997. С. 41.
    
    
52. Федосеева Е. Б. 1998. Обменные отношения в поселении муравьев Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) // Успехи совр. биологии. 1998. Т. 118, № 3. С. 331 – 344.
    
    
53. Федосеева Е. Б. 1998. Формирование территориальных структур в поликалической системе муравьев Myrmica rubra // «Муравьи и защита леса»: Матер. X Всерос. мирмекол. симп. М., 1998. С. 53 – 57.
    
    
54. Федосеева Е. Б., Демченко А. В. 1997. Влияние субстрата на распределение плотности гнезд муравьев Myrmica ruginodis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) // Зоол. журн. 1997. Т. 76, № 5. С. 543 – 553.
    
    
55. Akino, T., J. J. Knapp, et al. (1999). "Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies." Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266: 1419-1426.
    Химическая мимикрия гусениц мирмекофильных бабочек-голубянок. *[Caterpillars & 3 M. schencki colonies collected in Pyrenees; Lab work & presumably other ants collected in UK. Caterpillars have 3 mechanisms for controlling ant behavior: 1) the caterpillars produce surface chemicals; 2) mimetic compounds would include hydrocarbons similar to those employed by Myrmica; & 3) caterpillars' secretions would more closely mimic the profile of their main host, M. schencki, than that of other Myrmica species.]
    
    
56. Allen, P. (1957). "Studies of some intercastes of Myrmica rubra L. (Hym., Formicidae)." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 93: 136-139.
    
    
57. Attygalle, A. B., M. C. Cammaerts, et al. (1983). "Dufour gland secretions of Myrmica rugulosa and Myrmica schencki workers." J. Insect Physiol. 29: 27-32.
    The chemical composition and behavioural activities of the secretions of the Dufour glands of Myrmica rugulosa and M. schencki have been studied, as part of an extended study on Myrmica ants. Chemically, the Dufour gland of M. rugulosa is filled with a mixture of hydrocarbons dominated by straight chain alkanes and alkenes with 13 to 19 carbon atoms, as found in M. rubra. Significant quantities of (Z,E)-a-farnesene and its homologues, homofarnesene and bishomofarnesene, are also present. In both species, the very volatile portion of the Dufour gland secretion is identical to that analysed in M. rubra. From an ethological point of view, this very volatile part is very efficient in attracting workers at a distance (6 to 8 cm) and in decreasing their wandering movements. No specificity was observed when performing cross-tests with Dufour glands freshly isolated from workers of other Myrmica species, but obvious specificities were detected when testing the less volatile part of the Dufour glands' contents, known to be used for marking newly discovered areas.
    
    
58. Attygalle, A. B., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1983). "Dufour gland secretions of workers of the ants Myrmica sulcinodis and Myrmica lobicornis, and comparison with six other species in Myrmica." Insect Biochem. 13: 507-512.
    
    
59. Attygalle, A. B. and E. D. Morgan (1982). "Structures of homofarnesene and bishomofarnesene isomers from Myrmica ants." J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I Org Bio Org Chem 1982: 949-951.
    
    
60. Attygalle, A. B., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1983). "Comparison of three derivatives for the enantiomeric separation of chiral alcohols and the absolute configuration of Myrmica ant 3-octanol." J. Chromatogr. 260: 411-417.
    
    
61. Billen, J. P. J. (1986). "Morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour's and venom gland in the ant, Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 15: 13-25.
    The morphology and fine structure of the Dufour's and venom gland, as well as the entrance into the sting, are described in the myrmicine ant, Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The epithelial cells that constitute the Dufour's gland wall, contain a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Older workers, compared with younger ones, show an increasing number of multilamellar inclusions. The venom gland secretory cells are arranged in 2 free filaments that carry the secretion to the reservoir. Their cytoplasm shows an intracellular collecting ductule with surounding microvillar sheath, and an abundance of free ribosomes. However, a well-organized granular endoplasmic reticulum, which is typical in species with a more powerful sting, does not occur. Both the Dufour's and venom gland ducts are characterized by the insertion of extensive muscle fibers, which act as a precise and mutually independent control mechanism for the discharging activities of the 2 glands.
    
    
62. Bolton, B. (1988). "A new socially parasitic Myrmica, with a reassessment of the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Syst. Entomol. 13: 1-11.
    Описан новый вид Myrmica ereptrix с Кашмира (Индия), паразитирующий на виде Myrmica rugosa. Paramyrmica, Sommimyrma, & Sifolinia are synomized into Myrmica.
    
    
63. Bourke, A. F. G. and N. R. Franks (1991). "Alternative adaptations, sympatric speciation and the evolution of parasitic, inquiline ants." Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 43: 157-178.
    Обзор социальнопаразитических видов муравьев и путей их эволюции. Anergates atratulus, Aporomyrmex, Camponotus, Chalepoxenus, Chelaner, Crematogaster, Doronomyrmex Goesswaldi, Doronomyrmex kutteri, Doronomyrmex pacis, Doronomyrmex pocahontas, Epimyrma, Formica, Formica exsecta, Formica fusca, Formica microgyna, Formica pressilabris, Formica talbotae, Formicoxenus, Hypoponera, Iridomyrmex, Leptothorax, Leptothorax acervorum, Leptothorax faberi, Leptothorax gredleri, Leptothorax longispinosus, Leptothorax minutissimus, Leptothorax muscorum, Leptothorax wilsoni, Monacis, Monomorium, Myrmecia inquilina, Myrmica, Myrmica hirsuta, Myrmica rubra, Myrmica ruginodis, Myrmica sabuleti, Pheidole inquilina, Pheidole pilifera, Plagiolepis, Plagiolepis grassei, Plagiolepis pygmaea, Plagiolepis xene, Pogonomyrmex colei, Pogonomyrmex rugosus, Polyrhachis, Pseudomyrmex ejectus, Pseudomyrmex leptosus, Pseudomyrmex pallidus, Pseudomyrmex venefica, Sifolinia, Solenopsis invicta, Strongylognathus testaceus, Strumigenys xenos, Teleutomyrmex schneideri, Tetramorium, Tetramorium microgyna.
    
    
64. Boven, J. K. A. v. (1970). "Myrmica faniensis, une nouvelle espиce parasite (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Bull. Ann. Soc. R. Entomol. Belg. 106: 127-132.
    
    
65. Braune, M. (1975). "Sifolinia karawajewi Arnoldi - eine fьr die DDR neue sozialparasitische Ameise (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Faun. Abh. (Dres.) 5: 211-214.
    
    
66. Brian, M. V. (1950). "The stable winter population structure in species of Myrmica." J. Anim. Ecol. 19: 119-123.
    
    
67. Brian, M. V. (1951). "Summer population changes in colonies of the ant Myrmica." Physiol. Comp. Oecol. 2: 248-262.
    
    
68. Brian, M. V. (1952). "Further work on caste-determination in Myrmica." Bull. IUSSI Sect. Fr. 1: 17-20.
    
    
69. Brian, M. V. (1953). "Brood-rearing in relation to worker number in the ant Myrmica." Physiol. Zool. 26: 355-366.
    
    
70. Brian, M. V. (1953). "Oviposition by workers of the ant Myrmica." Physiol. Comp. Oecol. 3: 25-36.
    *[Worker produced eggs are either eaten or produce males.]
    
    
71. Brian, M. V. (1954). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra. 1. The growth of queen and males." Insect. Soc. 1: 101-122.
    
    
72. Brian, M. V. (1955). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 2. The growth of workers and intercastes." Insect. Soc. 2: 1-34.
    
    
73. Brian, M. V. (1955). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 3. Larval dormancy, winter size and vernalisation." Insect. Soc. 2: 85-114.
    
    
74. Brian, M. V. and A. D. Brian (1949). "Observations on the taxonomy of the ants Myrmica rubra L. and M. laevinodis Nylander. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae.)." Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 100: 393-409.
    
    
75. Brian, M. V. and A. D. Brian (1955). "On the two forms macrogyna and microgyna of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Evolution 9: 280-290.
    
    
76. Brian, M. V. (1956). "Group form and causes of working inefficiency in the ant Myrmica rubra." Physiol. Zool. 29: 173-194.
    
    
77. Brian, M. V. (1956). "Inefficiency in brood-rearing in the ant Myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 3: 71-74.
    
    
78. Brian, M. V. (1956). "The natural density of Myrmica rubra and associated ants in West Scotland." Insect. Soc. 3: 473-487.
    
    
79. Brian, M. V. (1956). "Segregation of species of the ant genus Myrmica." J. Anim. Ecol. 25: 319-337.
    
    
80. Brian, M. V. (1956). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 4. Controlled larval nutrition." Insect. Soc. 3: 369-394.
    
    
81. Brian, M. V. (1957). "Food distribution and larval size in cultures of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Physiol. Comp. Oecol. 4: 329-345.
    
    
82. Brian, M. V. (1957). "The growth and development of colonies of the ant Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 4: 177-190.
    
    
83. Brian, M. V. (1957). "Serial organization of brood in Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 4: 191-210.
    
    
84. Brian, M. V. (1962). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra. 5. Social conditions affecting early larval differentiation." Insect. Soc. 4: 295-310.
    
    
85. Brian, M. V. and C. A. H. Carr (1960). "The influence of the queen on brood rearing in ants of the genus Myrmica." J. Insect Physiol. 5: 81-94.
    
    
86. Brian, M. V. (1963). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 6. Factors influencing the course of female development in the early third instar." Insect. Soc. 10: 91-102.
    
    
87. Brian, M. V. (1965). "Studies of caste differenciation in Myrmica rubra L. 8. Larval developmental sequences." Insect. Soc. 12: 347-362.
    
    
88. Brian, M. V. and J. Hibble (1963). "9-oxodec-trans-2enoic acid and Myrmica queen extracts tested for influence on brood in Myrmica." J. Insect Physiol. 9: 25-34.
    
    
89. Brian, M. V. and J. Hibble (1963). "Larval size and the influence of the queen on growth in Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 10: 71-81.
    
    
90. Brian, M. V. and J. Hibble (1964). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 7. Caste bias, queen age and influence." Insect. Soc. 11: 223-238.
    
    
91. Brian, M. V. (1969). "Male production in the ant Myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 16: 249-268.
    
    
92. Brian, M. V. and M. S. Blum (1969). "The influence of Myrmica queen head extracts on larval growth." J. Insect Physiol. 15: 2213-23.
    
    
93. Brian, M. V. and A. F. Kelly (1967). "Studies of caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra L. 9. Maternal environment and the caste bias of larvae." Insect. Soc. 14: 13-24.
    
    
94. Brian, M. V. (1970). "Communication between queens and larvae in the ant Myrmica." Anim. Behav. 18: 467-472.
    
    
95. Brian, M. V. (1972). "Population turnover in wild colonies of the ant Myrmica." Ekol. Pol. 20: 43-53.
    
    
96. Brian, M. V. (1973). "Caste control through worker attack in the ant Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 20: 87-102.
    
    
97. Brian, M. V. (1973). "Feeding and growth in the ant Myrmica." J. Anim. Ecol. 42: 37-53.
    
    
98. Brian, M. V. (1973). "Queen recognition by brood-rearing workers of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Anim. Behav. 21: 691-698.
    
    
99. Brian, M. V. (1973). "Temperature choice and its relevance to brood survival and caste determination in the ant Myrmica rubra L." Physiol. Zool. 46: 245-252.
    
    
100. Brian, M. V. (1974). "Brood-rearing behaviour in small cultures of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Anim. Behav. 22: 879-889.
     
     
101. Brian, M. V. (1974). "Caste differentiation in Myrmica rubra: the role of hormones." J. Insect Physiol. 20: 1351-1365.
     
     
102. Brian, M. V. (1974). Kastendetermination bei Myrmica rubra L. Sozialpolymoprhismus bei inseckten. G. H. Schmidt. Stuttgard, Wissenschaftliche Verl.: 565-589.
     
     
103. Brian, M. V. (1975). "Caste determination through a queen influence on diapause in larvae of the ant Myrmica rubra." Entomol. Exp. Appl. 18: 429-442.
     
     
104. Brian, M. V. (1975). "Larval recognition by workers of the ant Myrmica." Anim. Behav. 23: 745-756.
     
     
105. Brian, M. V. and A. Abbott (1977). "The control of food flow in a society of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Anim. Behav. 25: 1047-1055.
     
     
106. Brian, M. V. and R. M. Jones (1980). "Worker population structure and gyne production in the ant Myrmica." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7: 281-286.
     
     
107. Brian, M. V. and C. Rigby (1978). "The trophic eggs of Myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 25: 89-110.
     
     
108. Brian, M. V. (1981). "Treatment of male larvae in ants of the genus Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 28: 161-166.
     
     
109. Brian, M. V. (1986). "Bonding between workers and queens in the ant genus Myrmica." Anim. Behav. 34: 1135-1145.
     Bond formation betwen young workers and queens is described for three species of Myrmica. This caste bond inhibits aggression and develops cooperation. Workers have a bias towards queens of their own species and do not discriminate between queens of their own colony and a novel conspecific one. They are able to develop bonds with queens of other species of the genus provided they meet them first and well before their state of queenless aggressivenes sets in. A bispecific group, in situations contrived to enable them to meet gradually, will fight a normal group. They will then develop their bond to include the conspecific queen without becoming hostile to the earlier substitute. Evidently a queen of another species is able to provide an outline set of stimuli that is later built up by the conspecific queen, a characteristic of the imprinting development process. Allospecific queens can establish new microsocieties in a way reminiscent of temporary social parasites. The fact that allospecifically bonded workers will fight their one-time litter-mates that have been normally bonded suggests that the two groups have acquired different smells from their specifically distinct queens.
     
     
110. Brian, M. V. (1986). "The distribution, sociability and fecundity of queens in normal groups of the polygyne ant Myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 33: 118-131.
     
     
111. Brian, M. V. (1986). "The importance of daylength and queens for larval care by young workers of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Physiol. Entomol. 11: 239-249.
     Workers whilst still less than a month from emergence rear early stage larvae better in a 16 h day than in one of 14 h day. The callows must perceive the diel rhythm directly because there are no foragers to give them a clue, and the larvae are kept in the dark and cannot respond directly. This, and the study of egg-laying by young workers that preceded it, indicated that the extra hours daylight enable the workers to avoid the reproductive diapause that normally prepares them from hibernation. They retain active ovaries, ingest and share food with larvae either as trophic eggs or as a regurgitate from the crop. In late summer, callows can rear sexual larvae in spring condition. Queens have a small negative effect on this, expressed as a smaller, though still gyne, pupa produced a little earlier. This weak response to queens develops into a strong negative one at constant temperature of either 10 or 20°C. The workers then behave as they normally do in spring, and feed a watery regurgitate (dietary control) or, if this fails to arrest sexual development, physically harass the larvae by biting them in the ventral thorax (manipulative control). Large workers then result instead of gynes.
     
     
112. Brian, M. V. (1987). Kastendetermination bei Myrmica rubra L. Sozialpolymorphismus bei Insekten: Probleme der Kastendetermination im Tierreich, 2. Auflage. G. H. Schmidt. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft MBH: 565-589.
     
     
113. Brian, M. V. (1988). "The behaviour and fecundity of queens of different ages in synthetic groups of Myrmica rubra L. with different worker populations." Insect. Soc. 35: 153-166.
     
     
114. Brian, M. V. (1988). "The control of Myrmica rubra workers by queens of their own and other Myrmica species and the interaction between queenless groups of workers." Physiol. Entomol. 13: 1-7.
     
     
115. Brian, M. V. (1988). "Queen selection by worker groups of the ant Myrmica rubra L." Anim. Behav. 36: 914-925.
     Abstract: Normal queens in a colony of Myrmica rubra L. were not necessarily more attractive to the workers than strange ones grafted into the colony. Workers chose the best queens using those they already had as a standard. After winter dormancy, workers in colonies with queens were less tolerant for queen variety. One week at 20 degrees C was enough to cause them to reject still-dormant queens, even those of their own colony, though they accepted alien queens. However, after 2-3 weeks culture queens were acceptable only if they belonged to the same colony as the natural ones or to the same colony as those queens that had been artificially implanted. To re-open the group, it was essential to remove all the resident queens; then after 2 days the workers took any queen offered, rather than remain queenless, but when offered a choice between one of their originals and an unfamiliar one, they still took the former. Three queenless weeks were required before they lost their preference for an ex-nestmate. Queens from a single colony, isolated in separate groups of workers, remained acceptable to the workers with them indefinitely, but when these queens were transferred to identical collateral groups of workers, they were rejected even after only 2 weeks' separation. Some groups of workers were less tolerant than others and some queens were more attractive than others, but their compatibility diminished with time if they lived in isolation. A group with an attractive queen was more likely to resist other queens.
     
     
116. Brian, M. V. and E. J. M. Evesham (1982). The role of young workers in Myrmica colony development [Formicidae, behavior, physiology]. The Biology of social insects : proceedings, Ninth Congress, International Union for the Study of Social Insects. M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener and H. E. Evans. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press: 228-232.
     
     
117. Brian, M. V., R. M. Jones, et al. (1981). "Quantitative aspects of queen control over reproduction in the ant Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 28: 191-207.
     
     
118. Brian, M. V. (1989). "Social factors affecting queen fecundity in the ant Myrmica rubra." Physiol. Entomol. 14: 381-389.
     
     
119. Buschinger, A. and A. Francoeur (1983). "The guest ant, Symmyrmica chamberlini, rediscovered near Salt Lake City, Utah (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Psyche 90: 297-305.
     Паразитический вид Symmyrmica chamberlini был описан Wheeler (1904) по экземплярам, обнаруженным C. V. Chamberlin в 1902 году в муравейнике Manica mutica (Emery) около Salt Lake City. Позже его никто не находил. In order to find out the systematic relations of Symmyrmica to other ants like Leptothorax provanchery Emery or those of the genus Formicoxenus, we have collected some new material in August 1982, in the Salt Lake City area. The morphology, female polymorphism, and wingless male together with biological features indicate that S. chamberlini is a species that should belong to the genus Formicoxenus.
     
     
120. Buschinger, A. (1990). "Sympatric speciation and radiative evolution of socially parasitic ants - Heretic hypotheses and their factual background." Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch. 28: 241-260.
     
     
121. Buschinger, A. (1997). "Vorkommen der sozialparasitischen Ameise Myrmica microrubra in Hessen (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Hess. Faun. Briefe 16: 49-57.
     
     
122. Cagniant, H. (1970). "Une nouvelle fourmi parasite d'Algerie: Sifolinia kabylica (nov. sp.), Hymenopteres. Formicidae. Myrmicinae." Insect. Soc. 17: 39-47.
     
     
123. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1973). "Pheromones agregeant les ouvrieres de Myrmica rubra." J. Insect Physiol. 19: 1299-1315.
     = Pheromones aggregating the workers of Myrmica rubra
     
     
124. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1973). Recrutement d'ouvrieres chez Myrmica rubra, p. 63-67 in: Proceedings IUSSI VIIth International Congress, London, 10-15 September, 1973. Southampton: University of Southampton, vi + 418 pp.
     
     
125. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1974). "Piste et pheromone attractive chez la fourmi Myrmica rubra." J. Comp. Physiol. 88: 373-382. = Trail and attractant pheromone in the ant Myrmica rubra
     
     
126. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1974). "Production and perception of attractive pheromones by differently aged workers of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 21: 235-248.
     The workers of four colonies of Myrmica rubra were seoarated into 5 different age actegories on the basis of their degree of pigmentation (fig. 1). The production of mandibular and Dufour's gland secretions by ants of each pigmentary group was investigated. Both the quantity of 3-octanol and 3-octanone (the 2 major constituents of the mandibular gland secretion) and the proportion of 3-octanol contained in the mixture increase with the age of the ants (fig. 3 and 4). The Dufour's reservoirs enlarge until the ants reach the pigmentary group 3 (fig. 6). The attractive power of the mandibular and Dufour's gland secretions increases during adult life of the workers (fig. 5 and 6). The reactions of differently pigmented ants to the mandibular and Dufour's glands of foragers were analysed. The callows respond only to Dufour's galnd secretion, whereas older ants are attracted both by the mandibular and Dufour's glands pheromones (fig. 7 and 8). The first foragers to leave their nest emit the largest amounts of attractive pheromones and also give the best responses to these secretions. This is of functional signifivance for the society, since it is these foragers which recruit or else are recruited most frequently outside the nest during the defence of the colony and the collection of food.
     
     
127. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1974). "Recrutement d' ouvriиres, chez Myrmica rubra, par les phйromones de l' appareil а venin." Behaviour 50: 111-122, 1 pl.
     [= Recruitment of workers amoung Myrmica rubra by the pheromones of venom gland] Workers of Myrmica rubra, stimulated by one of their secretions or by an ant of another species, can recruit other members of their colony. These stimulated ants deposit, on foraging areas the secretion either their poison or Dufour's gland. While laying down the contents of their poison gland, the workers produce an odor trail (Tab. 3). On smoked glass, the tip of their abdomen then makes long and nearly continuous tracks (Fig Ib). While laying down the content of their Dufour's gland, the ants produce no odor trails but a series of 'attractive spots' (Tab. 4). These then show, on smoked glass, as short widely spaced tracks (Fig. Ic).
     
     
128. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. (1975). "Ontogenesis of the defence reactions in the workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: formicidae)." Anim. Behav. 23: 124-130.
     
     
129. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1977). "Isolation of the trail pheromone of the ant Myrmica rubra." J. Insect Physiol. 23: 421-427.
     The trail pheromone of Myrmica rubra is a volatile substance, or substances of low polarity and moderately low molecular weight, in the poison gland contents: the pheromone can be separated and concentrated by the use of thin layer chromatography. The non-polar contents of the poison gland associated with the pheromone vary with caste, age of workers, and species.
     
     
130. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1976). "Dufour's gland secretion of Myrmica rubra: chemical, electrophysiological, and ethological studies." J. Insect Physiol. 22: 927 -932.
     The major volatile compounds of the Dufour's gland secretion of the ant Myrmica rubra have been identified as acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetone, and butanone, in the approximate ratios of 35:3:40:25, with a total content of 12 ng per gland. Ethological tests have shown that three effects recognized earlier for the Dufour's gland can be attributed to these components. Acetaldehyde synergized by ethanol produces an attractive effect on foraging workers. acetone induces an increased linear speed, and changes in sinuosity of movement are induced by ethanol synergized by butanone. Ethanol, butanone, or mixtures of all four induce the deposition of Dufour's secretion on the foraging area.
     
     
131. Cammaerts-Tricot, M. C. and J. C. Verhaeghe (1974). "Ontogenesis of trail pheromone production and trail following behaviour in the workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 21: 275-282.
     Trail pheromone production and trail following behaviour of workers of Myrmica rubra of different age groups, categorized by their cuticular pigmentation, were analysed. The dimension of the poison gland reservoir increase as workers grow older. No trail pheromone could be detected in callows. Its activity, as measured by the reactions of ants to it, appears and increases as ants grow older, the workers responding to their trail pheromone throughout adult life, although their response becomes increasingly obvious as the ants become older. The oldest ants, the foragers, are thus able to emit trails. These capabilities help the colony when recruitment to repel an enemy or to exploit a source of food occurs in its foraging area.
     
     
132. Cammaerts, M. C. (1977). Recruitment to food in Myrmica rubra L. Proceedings of the International Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects: 294.
     
     
133. Cammaerts, M. C. (1977). "Recrutement d' ouvrieres vers une source d' eau pure ou sucrue chez la fourmi Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae)." Biol. Behav. 2: 287-308.
     Foragers of Myrmica rubra L. apparently recruit only few workers towards pure water. The older and still active ants provide their congeners with water, by use of trophallactic exchanges. they lay down individual trails when going back to their nest and returning to the water. The trail pheromone is known to be produced by the workers' poison gland. On the contrary, sugared water (from 10**-2 to 1 mole of saccharose per liter) induces an efficient group-recruitment. Replete ants come back to the nest laying down their trail substance, specially when still near the food. Within the nest, they regurgitate liquid from their crop to nestmates, then perform an inviting behaviour, running towards and hitting congeners. they incite them to go out of the nest and 'call' themto the sugared water by emitting, chiefly near the nest, the attractive secretion of their Dufour's gland. The first recruited ants are among the oldest of the society; younger and younger ones are then recruited: The trail, orienting the ants to the food, becomes more and more effective with time, while tactile inviting and chemical 'calling' signals regress. Recruiting behaviour ends when replete ants entering the nest are no more sollicitated. The more concentrated are the acqueous solutions of saccharose presented to the ants (from 10**-3 to 1 mole per liter), the more intensive will be the induced recruiting reactions.
     
     
134. Cammaerts, M. C. (1977). "Etude demographique annuelle des societes de Myrmica rubra L. des environs de Bruxelles." Insect. Soc. 24: 147-161.
     [= Annual demographic study of Myrmica rubra L. societies from the neighbourhood of Brussels] A demographic study of Myrmica rubra L. societies was pursued during 2 years in order to ascertain the ants' age. An entire colony was collected every monts (Table I). The proportion of nymphs, imagos and workers of 5 successive degrees of cuticula pigmentation (Cammaerts-Tricot, 1974a) were determined (fig. 2). This was supplemented by a biometric study of the brood (fig. 3) and of certain workers (Table II). From June to November, 2 series, somewhat superpose, of worker emergence can be discerned: one occurs in July, the other in October. The ants of these two series have different sizes: the ones that emerge early in the season, from vernalized larvae are large; the others, appearing at the end of the season, from larvae hatched from the eggs layed in June, are smaller. The progressive acquisition of the highest degree of pigmentation can thus be followed in two parallel and more or less distinct groups of workers. This process lasts two years and takes place essentially from June to November (fig. 4). Throughout that period, egg laying, larva hatching and worker emergence continue intermittently, without any break between the maxima at the beginning and at the end of the season. Finally, the exact months in which the demographic changes occur probably depend on climate conditions; this could explain the small divergences noted between our results and those of other authors (Brian, 1951; Petal, 1972)
     
     
135. Cammaerts, M. C. (1978). "Recruitment to food in Myrmica rubra L." Biol. Behav. 4: 159-172.
     Foragers finding a prey too large to be moved recruit congeners by laying down a trail on their way to the nest, by performing in the nest an 'invitation behaviour', and by emitting, while leaving the nest and returning to the trail, their attractive Dufour's gland content. This recruitment mechanism resembles the one induced by sugared water. Foragers finding prey they can drag bring one to the nest, laying down a trail. In the nest, they incite, by their behaviour, a few congeners to go out of the nest and forage. Some of the excited ants individually reach the foraging area, where they perceive, and follow the trail to the remaining prey. The recruitment mechanism induced by a small living prey (or an intruder) has already been studied. It was observed to change as soon as the intruder has been killed, and to give place to the recruitment mechanism set up by a small dead prey. The ants' behavoiur changes thus with the kind of food stimulus, leading to the most efficient harvesting.
     
     
136. Cammaerts, M. C. (1980). "Diversite de langage chez les Myrmica." Biol.-Ecol. Med. 7: 159-160.
     With the collaboration of Professor E. D. Morgan (University of Keele, England); we have undertaken a comparative chemical and ethological study of several species of Myrmica. We report here results concerning the analysis of the food-gathering methods of five Myrmica species: M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. scabrinodis, M. sabuleti and M. rugulosa. These species food-recruitment systems include: - A mass recruitment due to a trail deposited by collecting ants between the nest and the food-site, - In M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. scabrinodis and M. sabuleti, a more or less important group recruitment due to small amounts of the attractive Dufour's gland content emitted by recruiting ants running in or out of the nest, back to the food. - In M. rugulosa an original recruitment due to small amounts of the Dufour's gland content secreted by ant coming from food and reaching the nest. Paper presented at the Congres sur les Societes d'Insectes (U.I.E.I.S., Sect. Franзaise) Senanque, 18-20 Sept. 1980.
     
     
137. Cammaerts, M. C. (1980). "Systemes d' approvisionnement chez Myrmica scabrinodis (Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 27: 328-342.
     [= The organization of food gathering in Myrmica scabrinodis (Formicidae)] The foragers of Myrmica scabrinodis collect without recruiting congeners both pure water and small prey being easily dragged by one ant. A few older workers take some food back into the nest, then return to the food thereby laying down a trail substance from their poison gland. Recruitment occurs when a colony is provided with sugar water or with prey too large to be dragged by a single ant. A forager that perceives and samples such food returns to the nest, laying down a trail. It antennates nestmates running quickly among them, before going back to the nest entrance. While moving in the nest, the recruiting ant emits one (or several) attractive secretion(s); it is then followed by a few recruited workers to the foraging area. The recruiting ant then leaves its nestmates to follow and reinforce the trail previously laid; some of the recruited ants individually follow the trail to the food source. This recruiting system slightly differs from that of M. rubra (Cammaerts 1977, 1978). The recruiting ants of the latter species have a more pronounced 'invitation behaviour' and emit their attractive Dufour's gland content while returning from the nest to the trail previously laid. Thus, the recruitment system of M. rubra looks more like a 'group recruitment'. In M. scabrinodis, this aspect only occurs for a few minutes, inside of the nest. A comparison of the social organization of food gathering in different species of Myrmica and related species enables the analysis of the subtle mechanisms of coexistance of several species in one area, and a study of the ecological and phylogenetical reasons for the existance of such social organizations.
     
     
138. Cammaerts, M. C. and R. Cammaerts (1980). "Food recruitment strategies of the ants Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica ruginodis." Behav. Process. 5: 251-270.
     The food-gathering systems of Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica ruginodis are analysed and compared to those, previously described, of M. rubra and M. scabrinodis. Workers of the two species studied in this paper collect pure water or small dead prey without actively recruiting congeners. Collecting ants of M. ruginodis lay down a trail pheromone from their poison gland only when returning to the nest, while foragers of M. sabuleti deposit a trail on their way both to the nest and back to the food but almost only in darkness. Collecting ants of both species are not followed by the few workers which, excited by them in the nest, individually reach the food. In the two species studied, an active recruitment of workers occurs when a large dead prey or a source of sugared water is presented to a colony. After having deposited their trail on their way to the nest, recruiting ants 'invite', by tactile signals, congeners to lesve the nest. Then the recuiting ants return to the food, laying down their attractive Dufour's gland content along distances varying with the species and the food stimuli considered. Recruiting ants of M. ruginodis generally emit their Dufour's gland secretion along longer distances than M. sabuleti foragers, after which they secrete nothing more, while M. sabuleti workers go on their way to the food laying down their trail substance again. The food-gathering technique of the two species studied includes group recruitment, performed on longer distances in M. ruginodis than in M. sabuleti, followed by mass recruitment. The number of ants finally recruited onto food is generally excessive in M. ruginodis, and in M. sabuleti the site is only just saturated. A comparison of these food- collection techniques with those of different species of Myrmica, together with a chemical and an ethological study of these species' pheromones would provide information for a better understanding of these species' ecology, as well as taxonomic and phylogenetic positions.
     
     
139. Cammaerts, M. C., M. R. Inwood, et al. (1978). "Comparative study of the pheromones emitted by workers of the ants Myrmica rubra and Myrmica scabrinodis." J. Insect Physiol. 24: 207-214.
     
     
140. Cammaerts, M. C., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1977). "Territorial marking in the ant Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae)." Biol. Behav. 2: 263-272.
     When exploring a new foraging territory, the pioneer workers of Myrmica rubra move very slowly, laying down intermittently with the tip of the gaster, small amounts of their Duifour gland secretion. This territorial marking induces congeners to approach the area, to move more rapidly, exploring the teritory. This effect begins to fall off after about 3 minutes as the volatile oxygenated compounds which cause the response evaporate away. A lesser effect still operates for a longer time, and must be attributed to an as yet unidentified component. Dufour's gland secretion of M. rubra has thus a short lived recruitment activity and a longer lasting territorial marking effect.
     
     
141. Cammaerts, M. C., E. D. Morgan, et al. (1977). Chemical and ethological analysis of Dufour gland secretion of Myrmica rubra L. Proceedings of the International Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects: 39-40.
     
     
142. Cammaerts, M. C. (1982). Pheromone inedite chez Myrmica rubra L, Coll. Int. U.I.E.I.S., Sect. Franзaise, Bellaterra (Barcelona), p. 65-72.
     An ethological active factor was revealed at the level of the VIIth abdominal sternite of workers of Myrmica rubra. This factor attracts the ants from short distances and incite them to walk rapidely. Its acts in synergy with the trail pheromone, an activity which appears to be specific, at least between five species of Myrmica This synergistic activity, together with the decrease of activity with time of any trail allows the ants to distinguish more easily between recent and older trails. The factor can be extracted with acetone and isolated by chromatography. Its chemical and ethological study, not yet finished, is in course in M. rubra, and should be extended to other ant species.
     
     
143. Cammaerts, M. C. (1982). "Une source inudite de pheromone chez Myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 29: 524-534.
     [= An unpublished pheromone source in Myrmica rubra L.] A distinct response is evoked in workers of Myrmica rubra by the last visible sternite of other workers. This sternite contains a short-range attractant that incites the ants to walk rapidly and increases the efficacity of the trail substance emitted by the poison gland. These activities are due to a still unidentified chemical substance, which is soluble in acetone and present on the sternite.
     
     
144. Cammaerts, M. C. (1984). "Probable functions for a previously unrecognized pheromone in ants of the genus Myrmica." Behav. Process. 9: 135-145.
     A previously unknown pheromone has been detected in workers of Myrmica rubra when an extract, usining a polar solvent, of the VIIth abdominal sternite was shown to attract ants over short distances and to act in synergy with the trail pheromone to enhance its effect. This new factor has now been shown to help the foraging workers to distinguish between recent and older trails and to confer on the trails a species- specific character (demonstrated for five species of Myrmica) that the trail pheromone alone does not possess.
     
     
145. Cammaerts, M. C. and R. Cammaerts (1981). "Food-gathering method of the ant Myrmica rugulosa including an original recruitment system." Biol. Behav. 6: 239-254.
     = Recolte de Nourriture Chez la Fourmi Myrmica rugulosa , Comportant un Systeme Original Pour le Recrutement d'Ouvriere. *Workers of M. rugulosa collect pure water without actively recruiting nestmates. In contrast, gathering of sugared water, of small or large dead prey include an active ants' recruitment. The collecting workers, gorged with food, return to the nest depositing a trail substance from their poison gland. Near the nest entrance, they run excitedly and erratically, emitting small amounts of their attractive Dufour gland content. They so 'call' for congeners. They may then enter the nest and 'call' again for nest-mates. They go out of the nest and return to the food, laying down once more their trail pheromone. Workers, resting or slowly moving in the surroundings of the recruiting ants become excited and are attracted to these recruiting ants' Dufour gland content emission. The recruited workers move erratically near the nest-entrance; then, some of them individually go to the food-site. Thus, the ants' recruitment usually precedes the entering of the nest by the collecting ants. So, the food- gathering system of M. rugulosa may be very rapid, and probably adapted to the scantiness of this species' usual environment.
     
     
146. Cammaerts, M. C., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1981). Comparative study of pheromones emitted by different species of Myrmica. Biosystematics of social insects. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 19. P. E. Howse and J. L. Clement. London. 346 p., Academic Press: 185-192.
     A comparative chemical and ethological study has been carried out on the pheromones emitted by workers of four Myrmica species: M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. scabrinodis and M. sabuleti. These pheromones derive from the poison, Dufour and mandibular glands. The poison gland produces secretion which acts as a trail substance. Workers of each species respond identically to their own pheromone and those of other species. There are, however, small quantitative differences between the responses of ants of each species to the trail presented and between the action on behaviour of the poison gland extractions of the four species. The Dufour gland emits a minute quantity of very volatile substances attracting ants from a distance and inciting them to move very rapidly. There is no specificity of response among the species studied. The Dufour glands of each species have ethological activity of equal value, emitting the same very volatile constituents. Workers of the four species orientate fairly well towards an isolated Dufour gland, and their linear velocity differs very little. A Dufour gland contains a complex mixture of less volatile substances serving to mark a new territory. There is clear specificity between the four species, with the exception of M. rubra and M. ruginodis. The Dufour glands of these two species secrete identical compounds (straight-chain hydrocarbons) clearly different from those of M. scabrinodis and M. sabuleti (farnesenes and other terpenes). The mandibular glands of Myrmica emit volatile, so-called alarm substances, attracting the ants and increasing their rate of locomotion. Workers of each species respond in the same way to the mandibular glands of ants of each species studied, except in two cases: M. scabrinodis workers scarcely show any orientation towards a mandibular gland of M. rubra or M. ruginodis. This can be explained by the fact that M. rubra mandibular (and those of M. ruginodis - unpublished) emit mainly 3-octanone (attractive constituent for M. rubra, Cammaerts-Tricot, 1973) and 3-octanol, and very little 3-nonanone and 3-decanone. The mandibular glands of M. scabrinodis in contrast contain larger quantities of 3-nonanone and 3-decanone, and the ants of this species orientate towards a mixture of 3-octanol, 3- octanone, 3-nonanone and 3-decanone (Morgan et al., 1978). Hence they are not likely to be attracted by a mandibular gland of M. rubra or M. ruginodis.
     
     
147. Cammaerts, M. C., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1981). "Comparative study of the Dufour gland secretions of workers of four species of Myrmica ants." J. Insect Physiol. 27: 59-65.
     The Dufour gland secretions of Myrmica rubra, M. ruginodis, M. sabuleti and M. scabrinodis have been studied. The most volatile portions of the secretions of workers of all four species were found to be similar, containing C2-C4 oxygenated compounds. The less volatile portion consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons. In M. rugionodis this is chiefly a mixture of linear saturated and mono- unsaturated hydrocarbons, similar in composition to that of M. rubra, while in M. sabuleti it consists of (Z,E)-a-farnesene and its homologues, homofarnesene, bishomofarnesene and trishomofarnesene, similar in composition to that of M. scabrinodis. Workers of each species studied were attracted to the Dufour gland volatikes of all four species, these substances chiefly causing an increase in running speed with the workers not distinguishing between conspecific and allospecific secretions, though small quantitative differences could be demonstrated between the speed and orientation reaction of workers of each species. The less volatile fraction of the Dufour gland secretion is used for territorial marking by foraging workers. This marking is specific for each species except between M. rubra and M. ruginodis.
     
     
148. Cammaerts, M. C., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1981). "Comparative study of the mandibular gland secretion of four species of Myrmica ants." J. Insect Physiol. 27: 225-231.
     The mandibular glands of the two species of ant, Myrmica ruginodis and Myrmica sabuleti contain a similar mixture of compounds, but the proportions are different. M. sabuleti produces ethanol, propanone, methylpropanal, 3-hexanone, 3-hexanol, 3-heptanone, 3-heptanol, 3- octanone, 3-octanol, 6-methyl-3-octanone, 6-methyl-3-octanol, and 3- decanone. With the exception of 3-decanone these compounds were also found in M. ruginodis. These compounds were also found in M. rubra and M. scabrinodis. In both species now studied, the mandibular gland contents attract the workers and cause a large increase in their linear speed. In M. sabuleti these behavioural activities are due to 3-octanone and 3-octanol: the attraction of these two componds in a synthetic mixture is exactly like that of an isolated mandibular gland; the compounds act in synergy to cause an increase in the ants' linear speed. Workers of M. ruginodis specifically respond to a mixture of ethanol, 3-octanone and 3-octanol: the alcohol only moderates the ethological action of the ketone, which is a true attractant and causes a very large increase in the ants' velocity; ethanol also attracts workers, acting in this respect in synergy with 3- octanone. These chemical and behavioural results are combined with those previously reported (Cammaerts-Tricot, 1973; Morgan et al., 1978) to explain the responses of M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. sabiuleti and M. scabrinodis workers to isolated mandibular glands from each of these four species.
     
     
149. Cammaerts, M. C., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1982). "Mandibular gland secretions of workers of Myrmica rugulosa and M. schencki: comparison with four other Myrmica species." Physiol. Entomol. 7: 119-125.
     The mandibular glands of the two species of ant, Myrmica schencki Em., and Myrmica rugulosa Nyl. contain mixtures of similar compounds, but in different proportions: M. rugulosa produces 3-pentanol, 3-hexanone, 3- hexanol, 3-heptanone, 3-heptanol,3-octanone (by far the most abundant component), 3-octanol, 3-nonanol, 3-decanone and 6-methyl-3-octanone, in addition to small amounts of ethanal, acetone and methylpropanal. M. schencki produces most of these (though much less 3-octanone and much more 3-octanol), but also produces significant amounts of 3-nonanol, 3- decanol and 6-methyl-3-octanol, while producing no detectable 3- pentanol or 3-hexanone. The mandibular gland secretions of these two species attract the workers, increase their linear speed, and reduce the sinuosity of movements. In M. schencki these behavioural activities are caused by 3-octanol and 3-octanone, the effect of a synthetic mixture of the two being exactly like that of an isolated mandibular gland; the two compounds act together to cause attraction and increase linear speed, and in synergy to reduce the workers' sinuosity of movement. In M. rugulosa, 3-octnol, 3-octanone and 6-methyl-3-octanone are the major constituents. 3-Octanone attracts the workers, its effect being enhanced by 3-octanol; it also increases the ants' linear speed, this effect being moderated slightly by the 3-octanol. Presented together these two substances act synergistically to decrease the workers' sinuosity of movement, and reproduce exactly the overall behavioural activity of an isolated mandibular gland. The chemical and behavioural results are combined with those previously reported to explain the responses of M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. rugulosa, M. sabuleti, M. schencki and M. scabrinodis workers to isolated mandibular glands of these species.
     
     
150. Cammaerts, M. C., R. P. Evershed, et al. (1983). "The volatile components of the mandibular gland secretion of workers of the ants Myrmica lobicornis and Myrmica sulcinodis." J. Insect Physiol. 29: 659-664.
     
     
151. Cammaerts, M. C. (1985). "Ethological and physiological changes occurring in workers of Myrmica rubra L. maintained without queens." Behav. Process. 10: 375-385.
     
     
152. Cammaerts, M. C. (1989). Etudes chimiques, ethologiques et physiologiques de societes de fourmis (Myrmica spp.; Manica rubida), Memoire presente en vue de l'obtention du grade d'agrege de l'enseignement superieur. Universite libre Bruxelles. Faculte des Sciences. Laboratoire de Biologie Animale et Cellulaire. p. 1-473.
     
     
153. Cammaerts, M. C. (1992). "Anatomical origin and isolation of an ethological factor found on the last sternite of the workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae, Myrmicinae)." J. Insect Physiol. 38: 101-110.
     On the basis of a logical series of deductions from experiments, it has been shown that the previously described ethological factor found on the last visible sternite of Myrmica rubra workers is a small amount of Dufour gland contents modified on the inner face of the last sternite. The factor may soak the outer surface of the sting or the gonostyles. This factor has, among others, a synergistic effect on the trail pheromone. When laying a trail, food-collecting ants deposit this factor on the ground together with the trail pheromone from their poison glands. The factor can be isolated on silica-gel plates and eluted once with acetone; its Rf is 0.36. It resists a temperature of 100 C for at least 5 min and is more volatile than 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, the trail pheromone of the species.
     
     
154. Cammaerts, M. C., A. B. Attygalle, et al. (1985). "The phermonal activity of chiral 3-octanol for Myrmica ants." Physiol. Entomol. 10: 33-36.
     *[The only enantiomer active as an attractant pheromone is (R)-(-)-3-octanol from the mandibular glands.]
     
     
155. Cammaerts, M. C. and R. Cammaerts (1985 (1984)). "Adoption ou elimination de reines etrangeres par les ouvrieres de Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae): Devenir de societes orpheline." Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Biol. Anim. 6: 207-220.
     = Adoption or rejection of alien queens by workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae): Becoming of queenless societies.
     
     
156. Cammaerts, M. C., R. Cammaerts, et al. (1986). "Contribution а l'etude de la forme microgyne de Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 3: 211-217.
     
     
157. Cammaerts, M. C., R. Cammaerts, et al. (1987). "Some physiological information on the microgyne form of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 117: 147-158.
     
     
158. Cammaerts, M. C. and K. Mori (1987). "Behavioural activity of pure chiral 3-octanol for the ants Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. and Myrmica rubra L." Physiol. Entomol. 12: 381-385.
     
     
159. Cammaerts, M. C. and M. Scanu (1985). "Etude de facteurs expliquant la variabilite des groupement d'ouvrieres de Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) autour de leur reines." Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 115: 13-28.
     = Study of factors explaining the variability of the aggregation of workers around their queens in the ant Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
     
     
160. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1953). "Studies of New Mexico ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). I. A new species of Myrmica." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 28: 81-82.
     
     
161. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1953). "Studies of New Mexico ants. IV. The genera Myrmica, Manica, Aphaenogaster, and Novomessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 28: 242-244.
     
     
162. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1957). "Descriptions of sexual castes of some ants in the genera Myrmica, Manica and Xiphomyrmex from the western United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 32: 208-213.
     
     
163. Cole, A. C., Jr. (1957). "Paramyrmica, a new North American genus of ants allied to Myrmica Latreille. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 32: 37-42.
     
     
164. Collingwood, C. A. (1958). "The ants of the genus Myrmica in Britain." Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London Ser. A Gen. Entomol. 33: 65-75.
     
     
165. Collingwood, C. A. (1961 ("1960")). "Myrmica schencki Em. (Hym., Formicidae) and other ants in Somerset." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 96: 130.
     
     
166. Collingwood, C.A. (1961) The 3rd Danish expedition to Central Asia. Zoological Results 27. Formicidae (Insecta) from Afghanistan. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 123(1960), 52–79.
     Описание мирмекофауны Афганистана
     
     
167. Collingwood, C. A. (1962). "Myrmica puerilis Staercke, 1942, an ant new to Britain." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 98: 18-20.
     
     
168. Czechowska, W. and A. Radchenko (1997). "Myrmica hirsuta Elmes, 1978 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) - a socially parasitic ant species new to Poland." Fragm. Faun. (Warsaw) 40: 53-57.
     
     
169. Czechowski, W. (1979). "Competition between Lasius niger (L.) and Myrmica rugulosa Nyl. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 34: 437-451.
     
     
170. Czechowski, W. (1984). "Colony fission and intraspecific contests in Myrmica laevinodis Nyl. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 38: 99-109.
     
     
171. Czechowski, W. (1985). "Competition between Myrmica laevinodis and Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicoidea)." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 39: 153-174.
     
     
172. Czechowski, W., W. Czechowska, et Radchenko, A. (1997). "Nowe stanowiska w Polsce rzadkich gatunkуw mrуwek z rodzaju Myrmica Latr. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Przegl. Zool. 41: 3-4.
     
     
173. Czechowski, W., A. Radchenko, et Czechowska, W. (1998). "Myrmica hellenica Finzi, 1926 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - an ant species new to Poland." Ann. Up. Sil. Mus. (Entomol.) 8-9: 103-106.
     
     
174. Dobrzanska, J. and J. Dobrzanski (1976). "The foraging behavior of the ant Myrmica laevinodis Nyl." Acta Neurobiol. Exper. 36: 545-559.
     
     
175. Donisthorpe, H. (1900). "Myrmedonia collaris with Myrmica laevinodis at Wichen." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 12: 263.
     
     
176. Donisthorpe, H. (1913). "Some notes on the genus Myrmica, Latr. [concl.]." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 25: 42-48.
     
     
177. Donisthorpe, H. (1913). "Some notes on the genus Myrmica. [part]." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 25: 1-8.
     
     
178. Donisthorpe, H. (1915). "Descriptions of a pterergate and two gynandromorphs of Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl., with a list of all the known cases of the latter." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 27: 258-260.
     
     
179. Donisthorpe, H. (1915). "Myrmica schencki Emery, an ant new to Britain." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 27: 265-266.
     
     
180. Donisthorpe, H. (1934). "Marriage flights of Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl." Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 46: 120-121.
     
     
181. Donisthorpe, H. (1938). "An ergatandromorph of Myrmica laevinodis Nyl., and the list of gynandromorphs, etc., brought up to date (Hym., Formicidae)." Entomologist 71: 251-252.
     
     
182. Donisthorpe, H. (1946). "Fifty gynandromorphous ants taken in a single colony of Myrmica sabuleti Meinert in Ireland." Entomologist 79: 121-131.
     
     
183. Douwes, P. (1990). Morphology of the parasitic myrmicine ant. Social insects and the environment. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of IUSSI, 1990. G. K. Veeresh, B. Mallik and C. A. Viraktamath. New Delhi. xxxi + 765 p., Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.: 147-148.
     
     
184. Elmes, G. W. (1973). "Miniature queens of the ant Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Entomologist 106: 133-136.
     
     
185. Elmes, G. W. (1973). "Observations on the density of queens in natural colonies of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Anim. Ecol. 42: 761-771.
     
     
186. Elmes, G. W. (1974). "Colony populations of Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Oecologia 15: 337-343.
     
     
187. Elmes, G. W. (1974). "The effect of colony population on caste size in three species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 21: 213-229.
     
     
188. Elmes, G. W. (1975). Population studies on the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with special reference to southern England, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 334 p. Available from: BLL, Ref. No. D16007/76
     
     
189. Elmes, G. W. (1976). Comparative ecology of Myrmica species, Annual Report of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 1975 :38-39.
     
     
190. Elmes, G. W. (1976). Populations of Myrmica (Formicidae) living on different types of Calluma moorland - a semi natural habitat of southern England, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Soc. Insects Anthropogenic Environ., Warsaw, p. 21-30.
     
     
191. Elmes, G. W. (1976). "Some observations on the microgyne form of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 23: 3-22.
     
     
192. Elmes, G. W. (1978). "A morphometric comparison of three closely related species of Myrmica (Formicidae), including a new species from England." Syst. Entomol. 3: 131-145.
     
     
193. Elmes, G. W. (1978). "Populations of Myrmica (Formicidae) living on different types of Calluma moorland - a semi-natural habitat of southern England." Mem. Zool. 29: 41-60.
     
     
194. Elmes, G. W. (1980). "Queen number in colonies of ants of the genus Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 27: 43-60.
     The effects upon the structure of a population of Myrmica colonies is examined under the assumption that colonies adopt a strategy of persistent exclusive monogyny. Th effects of various queen mortality curves are examined. It is concluded that field data does not support a hypothesis based on this strategy and it is suggested that all Myrmica colonies recruit replacement queens. The effects of different queen recruitment efficiencies are examined for haplometrotic and pleometrotic species. It is concluded that if all species have a capacity to recruit queens then all are potentially secondarily polygynous. The evolutionary significance of the social status of Myrmica ants is discussed.
     
     
195. Elmes, G. W. (1981). "An aberrant form of Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander (Hym. Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 28: 27-31.
     
     
196. Elmes, G. W. (1982). Intra-colonial competition in ants, with special reference to the genus Myrmica. The biology of social insects. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the IUSSI, Boulder, Colorado, August 1982. M. D. Breed, C. D. Michener and H. E. Evans. Boulder, CO. 420 p., Westview Press: 212-216.
     
     
197. Elmes, G. W. (1982). "The phenology of five species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera Formicidae) from South Dorset, England." Insect. Soc. 29: 548-560.
     1. The patterns of worker activity of five Myrmica spp. have been measured by pitfall trapping. There were no marked differences between the species except for a generally higher activity level of M. sabuleti Meinert during the Winter months. 2. M. ruginodis Nyl. was caught at the coldest site and M. sabuleti at the hottest sites. This is consistent with their performance under laboratory conditions. 3. Fertile queens of all species can be caught at any time during the active season. The importance of this observation to the social biology of Myrmica is discussed.
     
     
198. Elmes, G. W. and A. M. Abbott (1981). "Colony populations of Myrmica schencki Emery collected in Jutland, Denmark." Nat. Jutl. 19: 53-56.
     The populations of 30 colonies of Myrmica schencki Emery were collected from the Mols laboratory in Denmark. The population data and biometry of individuals are given. It is concluded that M. schencki is normally, but not rigorously monogynous and a discrepancy with similar data for the American form Myrmica schencki ssp. emeryana is discussed. Color variation were observed in several colonies and one colony contained four fertilized Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. queens. In this case they were acting as temporary facultative parasites.
     
     
199. Elmes, G. W. and R. T. Clarke (1981). A biometric investigation of variation of workers of Myrmica ruginodis Nylander (Formicidae). Biosystematics of social insects. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 19. P. E. Howse and J. L. Clйment. London. 346 p., Academic Press: 121-140.
     Variation of 12 morphometrics were measured for 690 workers of M. ruginodis. A nested analysis of variance was used to break down the variation into that due to differences within colonies, between colonies within sites, between sites within countries and between countries. The effect of variation in the size of queen in the colonies was measured and eliminated from the analysis. Worker size was found to account for about 75% of the variation between workers, therefore the morhometrics were standardized for size and re-analysed. The results showed that variation in a colony's mean queen size had a considerable effect upon the variation between colonies. Also variations in shape (size-adjusted morphometrics)were mostly within colonies. The results are discussed and three explanations are put forward.
     
     
200. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1981). "The quantity and quality of overwintered larvae in five species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Zool. (Lond.) 193: 429-446.
     The numbers of queens, workers and larvae were recorded for a sample of hibernating colonies from five different species of Myrmica. The larvae were divided into three size classes. The frequencies and distribution of larvae within these size classes have been compared between species and between queened and queenless colonies. A sample of each larval class was reared to the pupal stage and the resulting castes were recorded. The Discussion compares all the species with Myrmica rubra and attempts to explain the differences observed for the different species.
     
     
201. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1982). "Variations in populations of Myrmica sabuleti and M. scabrinodis (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) living in Southern England." Pedobiologia 23: 90-97.
     The density and colony populations of Myrmica sabuleti Meinert and M. scabrinodis Nyl., living at two English sites are compared with other available data for these species. One of the sites was the last to support a British population of the large blue butterfly, Maculiea arion L. There was no evidence of inter colonial competition at these sites. The large blue site supported very small colonies of both ant species although the colonies were at the average density recorded for all sites.
     
     
202. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1982). "A population study of the ants Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica scabrinodis, living at two sites in the South of England. I. A comparison of colony populations." J. Anim. Ecol. 51: 651-664.
     (1) The size and structure of colonies of Myrmica sabuleti Meinert living at two well-grazed grassland sites have been investigated for several years by excavation of colonies. One site was on chalk grassland and the other on acid grassland. The latter supported a population of M. scabrinodis Nyl. which was also investigated. The acid site was the last known British site for Maculinea arion (large blue butterfly) which is parasitic upon M. sabuleti for part of its life cycle. (2) Means are given for six parameters of colony population. These are compared for site, annual and within-site differences. It is shown that colonies producing reproductives are significantly larger than those that do not. There are significant variations within sites between years but these are small compared to between-site and interspecific differences. (3) Regression analysis enables some deductions to be made concerning the regulation of sexual production. Sexuals are reared at the expense of new workers. Both male and new worker production is closely related to worker population whereas gyne production seems more related to workers size. (4) The differences between and within populations are discussed in terms of nest site insolation.
     
     
203. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1982). "A population study of the ants Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica scabrinodis living at two sites in the south of England. II. Effect of above-nest vegetation." J. Anim. Ecol. 51: 665-680.
     
     
204. Elmes, G. W. (1983). "Some experimental observations on the parasitic Myrmica hirsuta Elmes." Insect. Soc. 30: 221-234.
     Myrmica hirsuta Elmes is an uncommon social parasite of Myrmica sabuleti Meinert. Collection of several hundred M. sabuleti nests indicate that less than 2% are infested by M. hirsuta. M. sabuleti usually live in grassland so that the presence of the parasite can be detected only by nest excavation; practically, this means that it is not possible to obtain experimental material other than by chance. The experiments reported in this paper have been made on material collected in this way and consequently they are not as well balanced or replicated as would be desired were unlimited experimental stock available. Despite these reservations the experiments do show some interesting differences between the social physiology of M. hirsuta and its host. M. hirsuta has two types of queen, either small unfertilised individuals that have no real effect on a colony or larger fertilised forms that have a 'queen effect' on M. sabuleti larvae that is very similar to that of M. sabuleti queens. The larger queens are produced from medium sized larvae that have had a period of hibernation. The smaller type of queen most likely develop from small larvae that had not grown sufficiently before hibernation or perhaps from larvae partly suppressed by 'queen effect': These are in effect a type of worker caste. Generally M. hirsuta larvae seem unaffected by the suppression type 'queen effect'. M. hirsuta queens start egg-laying earlier than M. sabuleti queens and seem to be able to retard the onset of oviposition by the host queens when cultured together. Indirect evidence suggests that the availability of eggs as food may be important to the survival of the parasitic larvae: A conjectural life cycle is proposed for M. hirsuta, based upon the present meagre evidence.
     
     
205. Elmes, G. W. (1987). "Temporal variation in colony populations of the ant Myrmica sulcinodis. 1. Changes in queen number, worker number and spring production." J. Anim. Ecol. 56: 559-571.
     (1)Colonies of the ant, Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl., were excavated in early summer 1979-85 at two heathland sites in southern England. (2) The number of workers was, on average, 120 per colony, but varied with time and between the sites; this is interpreted in terms of a regenerating heathland habitat. The number of new workers, reared in spring, varied annually; much of the variation is explained by the size of the colonies and most of the remainder by the effects of the weather during the larval growth period. Spring humidity is a good descriptor of new worker production, although humidity itself is merely a combined expression of several other climatic variables. The number of queens in the colony had no effect on the number of new workers that were reared. New queens are reared by les than 25% of the colonies. (3) The number of queens varied annually; once the effect due to variation in the size of colonies was removed, the number followed a cycle best described by a sine-wave. The wave has a periodicity of 4-5 years and an amplitude of about three queens (1-3.3 geometric averages) in a colony of average size. This may be the first demonstration of such a cycle. The mechanisms that may generate this are discussed briefly: the periodicity may represent the average longevity of queens.
     
     
206. Elmes, G. W. (1987). "Temporal variation in colony populations of the ant Myrmica sulcinodis. II. Sexual production and sex ratios." J. Anim. Ecol. 56: 573-583.
     (1)The number and sex ratio of reproductive castes reared by two populations of Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. over 7 years since 1979 are reported. On average, 40% of the colonies were small and reared no sexuals. In the remainder, sexual production was very variable, having a small significant correlation with worker number (+ve) and queen number (-ve). Sexual production differed significantly from year to year, but not between sites. The colonies form four groups, according to whether they rear gynes, males, both or neither. Total spring production was compared for these. The results are consistent with data for other Myrmica species. (2) The sex ratio varied between years and sites. Both populations had a male bias, which was greatest in highly polygynous colonies and least in large colonies, as is expected under kinship theory. The social regulation of sexual production at the colony level may be difficult to modify by natural selection, which operates instead on the colony structure required to maximize the species' breeding success in its chosen habitat. If secondary polygyny is an adaptation that ensures a colony's survival in a variable habitat, then many colonies exist for long periods in sub-optimal nest sites. Male bias is the global cost of the polygynous lifestyle for these species. In such populations only the largest and reproductively most successful colonies might approach the optimal sex ratio; these colonies of M. sulcinodis averaged a 1:1 sex ratio (3:1 females by dry weight).
     
     
207. Elmes, G. W. (1989). "The effect of multiple queens in small groups of Myrmica rubra." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 5: 137-144.
     
     
208. Elmes, G. W. and J. A. Thomas (1985). "Morphometrics as a tool in identification: a case study of Myrmica from France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 2: 97-108.
     Proceedings of the IUSSI French Section, Annual Meeting, 19-22 Sept 1984, Diepenbeek, Belgium. *[Populations of 3 species of Myrmica were examined at a site in the Haute Savoie region of France; the site is notable for the presence of 2 species of the rare butterfly genus Maculinea. M. rubra and M. scabrinodis were easily identified but, initially, the third species could be separated only by differences in the gynes and males. The species was assumed to be M. vandeli bondroit. The workers of this species are difficult to separate from M. scabrinodis and the males can easily be mistaken for M. sabuleti. Only the queens are readily recognisable, being very similar to M. scabrinodis, but generally much larger and darker. This paper shows how an examination of morphometrics confirmed the identification of the species and enabled us to determine workers with a known reliability.]
     
     
209. Elmes, G. W. and J. A. Thomas (1987). Die Biologie und Цkologie der Ameisen Gattung Myrmica. Tagfalter und ihre Lebensraume: Arten, Gefahrdung, Schutz. W. Geiger. Basle, Schweizerischer Bund fьr Naturschutz: 404-409.
     
     
210. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1983). "A comparison of the effect of a queen upon the development of large hibernated larvae of six species of the genus Myrmica (Hym. Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 30: 134-148.
     The results are given from experiments on the effect of a queen upon the growth and development of large hibernated larvae of six species of Myrmica. These show that: - In all the species queens suppress the development of gynes (young unfertilised queens) from large larvae and tend to decrease the time between onset of growth and pupation. - The mechanism by which workers recognize and suppress gyne potential larvae has been studied in detail previously for Myrmica rubra L. by M.V.Brian. This is now shown to be the same in the other common Myrmica species; larvae of any species can be suppressed by the queens and workers of any other species. - The larvae of the different species develop at different rates regardless of the species of the workers rearing them. The larvae rank:- Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. (both vars. macrogyna and microgyna), Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl., M. rubra, Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. and Myrmica sabuleti Meinert - in order from the fastest to the slowest grower. - The species also rank in this order when they all rear the same larval species, regardless of the species of larvae, showing that this is a trait of the nurse workers as well as a trait of the larvae.
     
     
211. Elmes, G. W. and J. C. Wardlaw (1983). "A comparison of the effect of temperature on the development of large hibernated larvae of four species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 30: 106-118.
     The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvae of 4 Myrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15-25° C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time = a - b T° C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5° C in previous work. The development times of larvae can be ordered from fastest to slowest being: M. ruginodis Nyl., M. rubra L., M. scabrinodis Nyl. and M. sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takes M. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long as M. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species survived best at about 22° C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the 4 species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
     
     
212. Elmes, G. W. and N. R. Webb (1985). "Swarm of Myrmica ruginodis Nylander (Hym., Formicidae) in a light trap." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 121: 108.
     
     
213. Elmes, G. W. (1991). "Mating strategy and isolation between the two forms, macrogyna and microgyna, of Myrmica ruginodis (Hym. Formicidae)." Ecol. Entomol. 16: 411-423.
     
     
214. Elmes, G. W. (1991). "The social biology of Myrmica ants." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 7: 17-34.
     
     
215. Elmes, G. W. (1994). "A population of the social parasite Myrmica hirsuta Elmes (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) recorded from Jutland, denmark, with a first description of the worker caste." Insect. Soc. 41: 437-442.
     
     
216. Elmes, G. W. and M. V. Brian (1991). "The importance of the egg-mass to the activity of normal queens and microgynes of Myrmica rubra L. (Hym. Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 38: 51-62.
     
     
217. Elmes, G. W. and L. Keller (1993). Distribution and ecology of queen number in ants of the genus Myrmica. Queen number and sociality in insects. L. Keller. Oxford. 439 p., Oxford University Press: 294-307.
     
     
218. Elmes, G. W. and J. Petal (1990). "Queen number as an adaptable trait: evidence from wild populations of two red ant species (genus Myrmica)." J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 675-690.
     
     
219. Elmes, G. W., J. A. Thomas, et al. (1991). "Larvae of Maculinea rebeli, a large-blue butterfly, and their Myrmica host ants: wild adoption and behaviour in ant-nests." J. Zool. (London) 223: 447-460.
     
     
220. Elmes, G. W., J. C. Wardlaw, et al. (1991). "Larvae of Maculinea rebeli, a large-blue butterfly and their Myrmica host ants: patterns of caterpillar growth and survival." J. Zool. (London) 224: 79-92.
     
     
221. Elmes, G. W. and M. V. Brian (1991). "The importance of the egg-mass to the activity of normal queens and microgynes of Myrmica rubra L. (Hym. Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 38: 51-62.
     
     
222. Elmes, G. W. and A. G. Radchenko (1998). "Ants of the genus Myrmica from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Chin. J. Entomol. 18: 217-224.
     Myrmica arisana, Myrmica formosae, Myrmica mirabile, Myrmica serica
     
     
223. Elmes, G. W., A. G. Radchenko, et Kim, B.J. (2001). "Two new species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Korea." Korean J. Biol. Sci. 5: 107-112.
     Myrmica hyungokae, Myrmica korea
     
     
224. Elmes, G. W. and D. J. Stradling (1991). "In memoriam: Michael Vaughan Brian M.A. Sc.D. OBE (1919-1990)." Insect. Soc. 38: 331-332.
     
     
225. Elmes, G. W., T. Akino, et al. (2002). "Interspecific differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Myrmica ants are sufficiently consistent to explain host specificity by Maculinea (large blue) butterflies." Oecologia 130: 525-535.
     
     
226. Elmes, G. W., A. G. Radchenko, et al. (2001). "Two new species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Korea." Korean J. Biol. Sci. 5: 107-112.
     
     
227. Elmes, G. W., J. A. Thomas, et al. (1998). "The ecology of Myrmica ants in relation to the conservation of Maculinea butterflies." J. Insect Conserv. 2: 67-78.
     
     
228. Elmes, G. W., J. C. Wardlaw, et al. (1999). "Site latitude influences on respiration rate, fat content and the ability of worker ants to rear larvae: A comparison of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations over their European range." Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 117-124.
     Myrmica rubra is a northern, temperate Palaearctic ant species with a geographical range that extends from the Atlantic coast of Europe to central Asia. In Europe, its range covers > 25° of latitude where it lives under a variety of climates that vary from extreme oceanic in the west, to continental in the east. Colonies nest in the soil and their life cycles are known to be highly dependent on ambient temperature and soil moisture. We hypothesised that the brood-rearing behaviour of populations might be locally adapted to climate and that we might detect differences when the ants were reared under "common-garden" conditions. Brood-rearing behaviour was compared for 38 colonies of M. rubra drawn from 13 populations representing a range of 6 latitudes: all 6 were represented in eastern Europe and 2 in western Europe. A sample of ants from each colony was used to estimate respiration rate, body mass and fat content at the start of the experiment in spring (immediately post hibernation) and at the end of the experiment (mid summer). Respiration had a linear relationship with latitude, with northern populations having greater respiration rate in spring compared to southern populations. It is suggested that this is an adaptation to different seasonality over the species' range that results in the "more active" northern workers rearing fewer brood to maturity more quickly than southern workers. Fat content, a measure of worker "quality", had a parabolic relationship with latitude with mid latitude colonies having the fattest workers. Fatter workers appeared to rear heavier brood. This probably represented a functional response to environment with populations living at "edge of range" sites being physiologically more stressed and performing brood-rearing tasks less well than centre of range populations. We believe that this is the first demonstration of a consistent, intra-specific trend for variation in the social physiology of an ant species over its geographic range.
     
     
229. Errard, C., A. Lenoir, et Francoeur, A. (1992). "Effects of early experience on interactions between the parasite ant Formicoxenus provancheri and its host Myrmica incompleta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Anim. Behav. 43: 787-794.
     The influence of early experience on interspecific recognition in the parasite ant Formicoxenus provancheri and its host Myrmica incompleta was studied by investigating the interactions of each species with adults and with larvae. The adults tested were reared heterospecifically (host and parasite together) or homospecifically (with or without mature conspecific ergates). Adults of each species were tested with both conspecific and allospecific larval brood. Homospecifically reared M. incompleta were more aggressive towards their parasite than when reared with the latter. Formicoxenus provancheri were always attracted to M. incompleta brood and adults. This parasite thus prefers to rear the hostbrood, especially when the parasite's early experience has been either of its own species or where it has been reared alone.
     
     
230. Espadaler, X. (1996). "Myrmica cagnianti, a new ant from North Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Misc. Zool. (Barc.) 19: 67-74.
     
     
231. Espadaler, X. (1981 ("1980")). "Sifolinia lemasnei (Bernard, 1968) en Espaсa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Bol. Asoc. Esp. Entomol. 4: 121-124.
     
     
232. Emery, C. (1908) Beitrage zur Monographie der Formiciden des palearktischen Faunengebietes. III. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1908, 165–205.
     
     
233. Emery, C. (1921) Hymenoptera, Fam. Formicidae, subfam. Myrmicinae. In: Wystman, P. (Ed) Genera Insectorum., Fasc. 174 A, pp. 1–94.
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234. Evans, J. D. (1996). "Temporal and spatial variation in reproduction in the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmica tahoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 43: 309-317.
     
     
235. Evans, J. D. (1998). "Parentage and sex allocation in the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmica tahoensis." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 44: 35-42.
     
     
236. Evesham, E. J. M. (1984). "The attractiveness of workers towards individual queens of the polygynous ant Myrmica rubra L." Biol. Behav. 9: 144-156.
     
     
237. Evesham, E. J. M. (1984). "Queen distribution movements and interactions in a semi-natural nest of the ant myrmica rubra L." Insect. Soc. 31: 5-19.
     
     
238. Evesham, E. J. M. (1984). "The sensitization of young workers to queens in the ant Myrmica rubra L." Anim. Behav. 32: 782-789.
     
     
239. Evesham, E. J. M. (1985). "The interaction of food distribution and the caste composition of an ant colony (Myrmica rubra L.)." J. Zool. (Lond.) 207: 241-250.
     
     
240. Evesham, E. J. M. (1985). "Recognition and aggregation abilities of young workers in the polygynous ant, Myrmica rubra, for their own queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomol. Gen. 10: 77-85.
     
     
241. Evesham, E. J. M. (1985). "A video-based study of the role of workers in the movement of queens in the polygynous ant Myrmica rubra." Entomol. Exp. Appl. 37: 143-148.
     
     
242. Evesham, E. J. M. and M. C. Cammaerts (1984). "Au confluent de deux йtudes menйes indйpendamment sur les reines de Myrmica rubra." Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 1: 73-78.
     
     
243. Evesham, E. J. M. and M. C. Cammaerts (1984). "Preliminary studies of worker behavior towards alien queens, in the ant Myrmica rubra L." Biol. Behav. 9: 131-143.
     
     
244. Finzi, B. (1926). "Le forme europee del genere Myrmica Latr. Primo contributo." Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat. Trieste 29: 71-119.
     
     
245. Forel, A. (1874). "Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systematique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution geographique, nouvelles experiences et observations de moeurs." Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Ges. Gesammten Naturwiss. 26: 1-452.
     
     
246. Forel, A. (1895). Ueber den Polymorphismus und Ergatomorphismus der Ameisen, Verh. Ges. Dtsch. Naturforsch. Arzte 66 (2,1.Hafte): 142-147.
     
     
247. Francoeur, A. (1968). "Une nouvelle espece du genre Myrmica au Quebec (Formicidae, Hymenoptera)." Nat. Can. (Que) 95: 727-730.
     
     
248. Francoeur, A. (1981). "Le groupe nearctique Myrmica lampra (Formicidae, Hymenoptera)." Can. Entomol. 113: 755-759.
     Описан новый вид M. quebecensis n.sp.
     
     
249. Janet, C. (1894). "Etude sur les fourmis. 6e note. Sur l'appareil de stridulation de Myrmica rubra L." Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 63: 109-117.
     
     
250. Janet, C. (1894). "Etudes sur les fourmis. (Septiиme note.) Sur l'anatomie du petiole de Myrmica rubra L." Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. 7: 185-202.
     
     
251. Janet, C. (1898). "Etudes sur les fourmis, les guкpes et les abeilles. (19me Note.) Anatomie du corselet de la Myrmica rubra reine." Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. 11: 393-450.
     
     
252. Janet, C. (1899). "Sur les nerfs cephaliques, les corpora allata et le tentorium de la fourmi (Myrmica rubra L.)." Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. 12: 295-335.
     
     
253. Janet, C. (1902). Anatomie du gaster de la Myrmica rubra. Paris, G. Carrй et C. Naud.
     
     
254. Kutter, H. (1963). "Miscellanea myrmecologica I." Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 35: 129-137.
     
     
255. Kutter, H. (1973). "Uber die morphologischen Beziehungen der Gattung Myrmica zu ihren Satellitengenera Sifolinia Em., Symbiomyrma Arnoldi und Sommimyrma Menozzi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 46: 253-268.
     
     
256. Masuko K., M.Terayama (2002). Behavioral notes and redescription of the socially parasitic ant Myrmica luteola." J.N.Y.Ent.Soc., 10 (2): 224-233.
     
     
257. Mayr, G. (1889) Insecta in itinere Cl. Przewalski in Asia Centrali novissime lecta. XVII. Formiciden aus Tibet. Труды Русского Энтомологического Общества, 24, 278–280.
     Описание мирмекофауны Тибета по материалам экспедиции Пржевальского
     
     
258. Mei, M. (1987). "Myrmica samnitica n. sp.: una nuova formica parassita dell'Appennino Abruzzese (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Fragm. Entomol. 19: 457-469.
     Из Италии описан Myrmica samnitica n. sp., найденный в Abruzzi Apennines (Central Italy), сопаразит вида Myrmica sabuleti Meinert. It can be distinguished easily from all other European parasitic species of Myrmica by the reduced and weakly pectinate tibial spurs, the ventral projection of the postpetiole, the hairness of the body, the male antennae showing only twelwe joints. Myrmica samnitica n. sp. это 1-й паразитический Myrmica из Италии.
     
     
259. Pearson, B. (1981). The electrophoretic determination of Myrmica rubra microgynes as a social parasite: possible significance in the evolution of ant social parasites. Biosystematics of social insects. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 19. P. E. Howse and J. L. Clйment. London. 346 p., Academic Press: 75-84.
     
     
260. Pearson, B. (1982). "Relatedness of normal queens (macrogynes) in nests of the polygynous ant Myrmica rubra Latreille." Evolution 36: 107-112.
     Исследована степень родственности нормальных самок (normal queens, macrogynes) в гнездах Myrmica rubra. A regression method for estimating within-nest relatedness (b) of queens was applied to two populations of nests of the polygynous ant Myrmica rubra. The estimates were made in two consecutive years: the value of b was significant in one population in the second year. An increase in b over the two years was detected in both populations. It is tentatively concluded that a high value for b is not a necessary pre- condition of secondary polygyny in this species. Reasons for differences in b between the populations, and within populations but between years, are discussed.
     
     
261. Pearson, B. and A. R. Child (1980). "The distribution of an esterase polymorphism in macrogynes of Myrmica rubra Latreille." Evolution 34: 105-109.
     
     
262. Radchenko, A.G. (1994a) Таксономическая структура рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Евразии. Сообщение 1. Зоол.журн., 73(6), 39–51 [English translation: Taxonomic structure of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Eurasia. Communication 1. Entomological Review (Washington), 1995, 74(3), 91–106].
     
     
263. Radchenko, A.G. (1994b) Определительная таблица муравьев рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) центральной и восточной Палеарктики. Зоол.журн., 73(7–8), 130–145 [English translation: A Key to species of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Central and Eastern Palaearctic. Entomological Review (Washington), 1995, 74(3), 154–169].
     
     
264. Radchenko, A.G. (1994c) Обзор групп rubra, rugosa, arnoldii, luteola и schencki рода Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) центральной и восточной Палеарктики. Зоол.журн., 73(11), 122-132 [English translation: A survey of species of Myrmica of groups of rubra, rugosa, arnoldii, luteola and schencki (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Central and Eastern Palaearctic. Entomological Review (Washington), 1995c, 74(8), 122–132].
     
     
265. Radchenko, A.G. & Elmes, G.W. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the ritae species-group of the genus Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Himalaya. Vestnik zoologii, 32(4), 3–27.
     Наиболее древние известные ископаемые виды Myrmica морфологически близки к Myrmica ritae, обитающего в горах Бирмы и Таиланда. Мы объединяем М. ritae и 10 других близких видов, распространенных в Гималаях, горах Юго-Восточной Азии, южного Китая и Тайваня, в группу ritae и считаем, что они являются наиболее примитивными в роде Myrmica. 6 видов из этой группы были описаны ранее (M. ritae, M. margaritae, M. formosae, M. serica, M. indica, M. gigantea), а 5 новых видов описываются ниже (М. urbanii, M. rigatoi, M. boltoni, M. martensi, M. collingwoodi = n.sp.). Впервые описанные самцы видов этой группы (M. indica and M. serica), имеют короткий скапус антенн, что является примитивным признаком в роде Myrmica. Впервые описаны самки у видов M. martensi и M. collingwoodi.
     
     
266. Radchenko, A. G. and G. W. Elmes (1999). "First description of the female of Myrmica ritae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with some notes on the ritae group." Vestn. Zool. 33(6): 95-98.
     
     
267. Radchenko, A.G. & Elmes, G.W. (1999) Ten new species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Himalaya. Вестник зоол., 33(3), 27–46.
     Описаны новые виды со склонов Гималайских гор: Myrmica brancuccii Radchenko, Elmes & Collingwood, M. nititda Radchenko & Elmes, M. ordinaria Radchenko & Elmes, M. petita, M. rhytida, M. villosa, M. vittata, M. wardi, M. williamsi, M.wittmeri.
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268. Radchenko, A.G. & Elmes, G.W. (2001) A taxonomic revision of the ant genus Myrmica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Himalaya. Entomologica Basiliensia, 23, 237–276.
     Myrmica angulata Radchenko, Zhou & Elmes, M. draco Radchenko, Zhou & Elmes, M. hyungokae Elmes, Radchenko & Kim, M. koreana Elmes, Radchenko & Kim, M. sinensis Radchenko, Zhou & Elmes, M. taibaiensis Wei, Zhou & Liu, M. titanica Radchenko & Elmes, M. yamanei Radchenko & Elmes
     
     
269. Radchenko, A. G. and G. W. Elmes (2001). "First record of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Northern Vietnam, with a description of two new species." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 51: 221-225.
     Из Вьетнама описаны новые вида: M. titanica & M. yamanei. Вид M. serica впервые указан из Вьетнама. New report of M. ritae from Thailand.
     
     
270. Radchenko, A. G., S. Zhou, et al. (2001). "New and rare Myrmica species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Southern China." Ann. Zool., Warszawa 51: 211-219.
     Из Китая описаны новые виды: M. angulata, M. draco, & M. sinensis. Ecological data is given for M. serica. Все из группы Myrmica ritae gp.
     
     
271. Ruzsky, M.D. (1905). Муравьи России (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Казань, 1–799.
     
     
272. Ruzsky, M.D. (1915) О муравьях Тибета и южной Гоби. Ежег. Зоол. Муз. Импер. Акад. наук., 20, 418–444.
     
     
273. Saaristo, M. I. (1986). "The fourth record of Sifolinia karavajevi (Arnoldi) (Hym., Formicidae) from the Nordic countries." Not. Entomol. 66: 97-98.
     Социальнопаразитический (workerless) вид Sifolinia karavajevi (Arnoldi), в 4-й раз найден в Северных странах (Nordic countries) и во 2-й раз в Финляндии.
     
     
274. Samsinak, K. (1957). "Sifolinia pechi n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Cas. Cesk. Spol. Entomol. 53: 167-170.
     
     
275. Seifert, B. (1984). "Firm evidence for synonymy of Myrmica rugulosoides Forel, 1915 and Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846." Abh. Ber. Naturkundemus. Gorlitz 58(6): 1-8.
     
     
276. Seifert, B. (1987). "Myrmica georgica n. sp., a new ant from Transcaucasia and North Kazakhstan (U.S.S.R.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae)." Reichenbachia 24: 183-187.
     
     
277. Seifert, B. (1988). A taxonomic revision of the Myrmica species of Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Abh. Ber. Naturkuend, 62 (3), p. 1 - 75.
     
     
278. Seifert, B. (1993). "Taxonomic description of Myrmica microrubra n sp. - a social parasitic ant so far known as the microgyne of Myrmica rubra (L.)." Abh. Ber. Naturkundemus. Gorlitz 67(5): 9-12.
     
     
279. Seppa, P. (1992). "Genetic relatedness of worker nestmates in Myrmica ruginodis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 30: 253-260.
     *[The average relaatedness of worker nestmates was rather high across populations (0.43-0.73), & random mating was the rule within populations. With one possible exception, populations turned out to be weakly polygynous, implying they were the macrogyne form. The one exception was relativlely more polygynous, suggesting it was the microgyne form. No habitat differences were observed between the 2 forms. The colonies were facultatively polygynous.]
     
     
280. Seppa, P. (1994). Sociogenetic organization in Myrmica ants, Ph.D thesis, University of Helsinki.
     Cited from: Boomsma, J.J., & F.L.W. Ratnieks, 1996, Paternity in eusocial Hymenoptera, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 351: 947-975.
     
     
281. Seppa, P. (1996). "Genetic relatedness and colony structure in polygynous Myrmica ants." Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 8: 279-290.
     
     
282. Seppa, P. and P. Pamilo (1994). Sociogenetic organization and gene flow in red ants. Les insectes sociaux. 12ume congres de l'Union Internationale pour l'Etude des Insectes Sociaux. Paris, Sorbonne, 21-27 aout 1994. A. Lenoir, G. Arnold and M. Lepage. Paris. xxiv + 583 p., Universite Paris Nord: 79.
     
     
283. Seppa, P. and P. Pamilo (1995). "Gene flow and population viscosity in Myrmica ants." Heredity 74: 200-209.
     The amount of gene flow and population viscosity were studied in two red ant species, Myrmica ruginodis and M. rubra. Differentiation between populations at the local scale (within the dispersal distance of individuals) and between localities further apart was estimated using Wright's F-statistics. Population viscosity was described using spatial autocorrelation of allele frequencies of nests. The differentiation patterns in the two species are clearly distinct, F(ST) values being an order of magnitude larger in M. rubra (M. rubra: F(ST) = 0.205 between sites within localities and 0.199 between localities; M. ruginodis: F(ST) = 0.027 and 0.014 between sites within localities, 0.009 between localities). Thus, assuming the island model, much less gene flow occurs between neighbouring M. rubra than M. ruginodis sites. Allele frequencies of nests close to each other are positively autocorrelated in both species. This suggests that new nests are commonly founded close to the mother nest, most probably by division of existing nests. M. rubra forms large multinest societies, which dominate substantial areas, whereas such multinest colonies are rare in M. ruginodis.
     
     
284. Seppa, P. and L. Walin (1996). "Sociogenetic organization of the red ant Myrmica rubra." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 38: 207-217.
     
     
285. Smeeton, L. (1980). Male production in the ant Myrmica rubra L., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton, U.K., 241 p. Available from: BLL, Ref. No. D33585/81
     
     
286. Smeeton, L. (1981). "The source of males in Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 28: 263-278.
     
     
287. Smeeton, L. (1982). "The effect of age on the production of reproductive eggs by workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Hym., Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 29: 465-474.
     
     
288. Smeeton, L. (1982). "The effect of larvae on the production of reproductive eggs by workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Hym., Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 29: 455-464.
     
     
289. Smeeton, L. (1982). "The effects of the sizes of colony worker and food store on the production of reproductive eggs by workers of Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 29: 475-484.
     
     
290. Snyder, L. (1988). Colony subdivision and sex ratios in the ant Myrmica punctiventris: an analysis of queen-worker conflict, M.S. thesis, Univerity of Vermont, Burlington.
     Диссертация по половой и кастовой структуре кологний муравьев Myrmica punctiventris. Cited from: Banschbach, V.S., & J.M. Herbers, 1999, Nest movements and population spatial structure of the forest ant Myrmica punctiventris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 92: 414-423.
     
     
291. Snyder, L. E. and J. M. Herbers (1991). "Polydomy and sexual allocation ratios in the ant Myrmica punctiventris." Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 28: 409-415.
     
     
292. Sommeijer, M. J. and J. W. v. Veen (1990). "The polygyny of Myrmica rubra: selective oophagy and trophallaxis as mechanisms of reproductive dominance." Entomol. Exp. Appl. 56: 229-239.
     
     
293. Sonobe, R. (1976). "Formicidae of Japan. (2) Myrmica Latreille and Manica Jurine. [in Japanese]." Ari 7: 1-2.
     
     
294. Sonobe, R. (1985). "On Japanese Myrmica ants. [Abstract] [in Japanese]." Ari 13: 4-5.
     
     
295. Soudek, S. (1923 ("1922")). "Myrmica moravica n. sp., relikt fauny praeglacialni." Cas. Morav. Zemskйho Mus. Brne 20-21: 107-134.
     
     
296. Starcke, A. (1927). "Beginnende Divergenz bei Myrmica lobicornis Nyl." Tijdschr. Entomol. 70: 73-84.
     
     
297. Starcke, A. (1949 ("1948")). "Contribution to the biology of Myrmica schencki Em. (Hym., Form.)." Tijdschr. Entomol. 91: 25-71.
     According to Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J., 1953 ("1952"), The ant larvae of the myrmicine tribe Myrmicini, Psyche 59: 105-125: Adlerz, p. 52, M. rubra referred to as M. ruginodis.
     
     
298. Sweeney, R. C. H. (1950). "Two teratological specimens of Myrmica ruginodis Nylander (Hym., Formicidae) from Denmark." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 86: 5.
     
     
299. Swinton, A. H. (1878). "Note on the stridulation of Myrmica ruginodis and other Hymenoptera." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 14: 187-188.
     
     
300. Thomas, J. A. (1994). The ecology and conservation of Maculinea arion and other European species of large blue. Ecology and conservation of butterflies. A. S. Pullin. London, Chapman & Hall: 180-196.
     
     
301. Thomas, J. A. and G. W. Elmes (1993). "Specialized searching and the hostile use of allomones by a parasitoid whose host, the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, inhabits ant nests." Anim. Behav. 45: 593-602.
     The parasitoid Ichneumon eumerus is apparently host-specific to Maculinea rebeli, a rare and specialized butterfly. After a brief period of phytophagy, M. rebeli caterpillars live for 10 months in the brood chambers of Myrmica schencki ant nests, where they are protected by worker ants. The behaviour, morphology and allomones of I. eumerus enable it to oviposit in caterpillars inside ant nests. This study shows that it first locates M. schencki colonies by their odour, but enters only those nests that also contain Maculinea. It then selects the larger caterpillars for parasitism, which are usually the only ones that survive to pupate. Ichneumon eumerus emerges from the Maculinea pupa 11 months later. It is fiercely attacked by ants, but survives by being well-armoured and by spreading an allomone that provokes confusion and fighting among the ants. These findings are discussed in relation to the host-locating strategy of the parasitoid. It is suggested that this is the only possible way to parasitize 'advanced' species of Maculinea, in which only a few but discernible groups of caterpillars are likely to survive. In contrast, 'primitive' species of Maculinea, whose caterpillars survive less predictably at low densities in a large number of ant nests, are parasitized by ichneumonids that locate their hosts on the foodplant.
     
     
302. Thomas, J. A. and G. W. Elmes (1998). "Higher productivity at the cost increased host-specificity when Maculinea butterfly larvae exploit ant colonies through trophallaxis rather than by predation." Ecol. Entomol. 23: 457-464.
     Field studies were made of the benefits and costs of two feeding strategies in the genus Maculinea, whose final-instar larvae parasitise Myrmica ant colonies. Maculinea arion is an obligate predator of ant brood, whereas M. rebeli and M. alcon mimic ant larvae and are fed (like cuckoos) directly by the workers. Samples of > 1500 Myrmica nests confirmed laboratory-based predictions that, by feeding at a lower trophic level, many (4.7-fold) more individuals of M. rebeli and M. alcon are supported per ant colony than M. arion. Because of their efficient feeding, cuckoo species often occupied sites where their phytophagous early larval populations coincided to only a small extent (> 10%) with host Myrmica colonies, whereas all sites supporting M. arion had 50-l00% of the phytophagous stages within foraging range of the host Myrmica species. Greater host-specificity was identified as another consequence of cuckoo-feeding. The ecological cost of this is discussed. The feeding of other Maculinea species had not been fully described: the data suggest that M. nausithous is a predator of ant brood and confirm that M. teleius is predacious.
     
     
303. Thomas, J. A., G. W. Elmes, et al. (1993). "Contest competition among Maculinea rebeli butterfly larvae in ant nests." Ecol. Entomol. 18: 73-76.
     
     
304. Thomas, J. A., G. W. Elmes, et al. (1998). "Polymorphic growth in larvae of the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies." Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 265: 1895-1901.
     
     
305. Thomas, J. A., G. W. Elmes, et al. (1989). "Host specificity among Maculinea butterflies in Myrmica ant nests." Oecologia 79: 452-457.
     *[The was a small amount of host variability but the principal hosts of: M. alcon was M. ruginodis; M. arion was M. sabuleti; M. nausithous was M. rubra; M. rebeli was M. schenki; & M. teleius was M. scabrinodis. This study contradicts most previous published reports.]
     
     
306. Thomas, J. A., R. J. Rose, et al. (1999). "Intraspecific variation in habitat availability among ectothermic animals near their climatic limits and their centres of range." Funct. Ecol. 13 (Suppl. 1): 55-64.
     
     
307. Thomas, J. A., D. J. Simcox, et al. (1998). "Effects of latitude, altitude and climate on the habitat and conservation of the endangered butterfly Maculinea arion and its Myrmica ant hosts." J. Insect Conser. 2: 39-46.
     *[Myrmica sabuleti in the main host for Maculinea arion. Sucessful management of the ant ant host plants are required for conservation of the butterfly.]
     
     
308. Thomas, J. A. and J. C. Wardlaw (1990). "The effect of queen ants on the survival of Maculinea arion larvae in Myrmica ant nests." Oecologia 85: 87-91.
     *[Most studies used M. arion with M. sabuleti. Mortality of M. arion was 3 times higher in ant nests that had queens present. Most mortality occurred in the first 10-days of host adoption.]
     
     
309. Thomas, J. A. and J. C. Wardlaw (1992). "The capacity of a Myrmica ant nest to support a predacious species of Maculinea butterfly." Oecologia 91: 101-109.
     *[Most studies used M. arion with M. sabuleti. Starvation is a major cause of mortality in the wild.]
     
     
310. Tinaut, A. and X. Espadaler (1987). "Description [sic] del macho de Myrmica aloba Forel, 1909 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Nouv. Rev. Entomol. (n.s.)4: 61-69.
     Описание самца муравьев вида Myrmica aloba Forel, найденного около их гнезда. Scape length and pilosity make M. aloba and M. scabrinodis close each other and they are very difficult to differentiate but for the rounded petiole of M. aloba. Females can be distinguished by females of any other Iiberian species by the scape with a very curved base, without angle or laminar process, and by their cephalic indexes. It is demonstrated that the male described as M. aloba by Finzi belongs to M. sabuleti Meinert.
     
     
311. Trakimas, W. B. (1967). An anatomical and histological study of the male myrmicine ant, Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ph.D. dissert., Fordham University, 139 p. [Dissert. Abstr. B 28: 4360]
     
     
312. Trakimas, W. B. (1968). "Observations on the anatomy of the male ant Myrmica rubra." J. New York Entomol. Soc. 76: 309.
     
     
313. Tricot, M. C., J. M. Pasteels, et Tursch, B. (1972). "Pheromones stimulant et inhibant l' agressivite chez Myrmica rubra." J. Insect Physiol. 18: 499-509.
     The aggressiveness of Myrmica rubra workers is stimulated by their poison gland secretions. On the other hand, the major compound of the mandibular gland, 3-octanone, markedly suppresses their aggressiveness. The inhibitory activity of 3-octanone is still effective when dissolved in liquid paraffin at a concentration of 10**9 vol./vol. At a concentration 100 times greater in liquid paraffin, 3-nonanone may also suppress the aggressiveness of the ants. This substance however represents only a trace of the mandibular secretion. Neither 6-methyl-3-octanone, nor 3- octanol possesses an inhibitory effect on the aggressiveness of the ants even when presented in liquid parafin at a concentration 10**4 times greater than the lowest effective dilution of 3-octanone. The relative proportions of 3-octanol and 3-octanone vary greatly in the mandibular gland secretion of the workers of the same nest or from different nests of the same species. The proportions of 3-octanol in the mixture of octanol+octanone present in the vapour released by one crushed worker had range from 4.6 to 38.0 per cent. The histogram of these proportions is unimodal, with the mode situated near 15 per cent of 3-octanol. A mixture of 3-octanol and 3-octanone in liquid paraffin, releasing a vapour containing 15 per cent of 3-octanol has no more activity than a solution containing only 3-octanone. There is no reason to believe so far that a mixture of 3-octanol and 3-octanone of precise composition has any particular meaning for the ants. We suggest that the ants when attacked emit the inhibitory and stimulative pheromones in such a way that the aggressiveness of the alarmed workers is directed toward the enemy without their being themselves the victims of this aggressiveness.
     
     
314. Turnbull, C. L. (1985). The dynamics of an association between Viola nuttallii Pursh and its seed dispersers, Myrmica discontinua Weber and Formica podzolica Francoeur, Ph.D. dissert., Northwestern University, 133 p.
     Диссертация о мирмекохории муравьев Myrmica discontinua и Formica podzolica, распространяющих семена Viola nuttallii. *[Most seeds are located and removed by ants during the time when most V. nuttallii seeds are released (9 AM-1 PM). M. discontinua is more effective in dispersing seeds than F. podzolica since M. discontinua foragers locate and remove seeds more frequently, ignore seeds less frequently, and remove more seeds per contact especially during the time of day when seeds are shed. There was no detectable spatial association between seedlings and ant nests, tunnels or refuse piles.] [Dissert. Abstr. Int. B 46: 1046-7]
     
     
315. Van Boven, J. K. A. v. (1970). "Myrmica faniensis, une nouvelle espece parasite (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Bull. Ann. Soc. R. Entomol. Belg. 106: 127-132.
     
     
316. Vepsalainen, K. and R. Savolainen (1990). "The effect of interference by formicine ants on the foraging of Myrmica." J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 643-654.
     Влияние формициновых муравьев на фуражировку мурвьев Мирмик. *[The foraging of the submissive Myrmica, which rank lowest in a 3-level competition hierarchy, was investigated with bait experiments. The activity (forager traffic) of M. scabrinodis and M. ruginodis into and through four and two 0.25-m2 bait squares, respectively, and their presence on syrup and fish bait, were related to temperature, time of day, and the activity and presence of other ant species. In the absence of competitors, Myrmica tended to be active independently of the time of day, but preferred slightly lower temperatures. On the baits, Myrmica were more often present at night, especially at high temperatures. Most of their potential competitors were day-active and preferred higher temperatures. The 2 territorial species, F. truncorum and F. exsecta, reduced the presence of Myrmica on the baits, but not their traffic to the square. The Myrmica shifted their foraging at the baits to lower temperatures and used the baits mainly at night. Of the two aggressive but non-territorial species, the large C. ligniperda did not affect the foraging of Myrmica, but circumstantial evidence indicated exclusion by the similarly sized L. niger. The submissive F. fusca had no effect on Myrmica. Earlier studies implied that, in spite of interference and reduced foraging success on the baits, Myrmica are able to coexist with most of the aggressive ant species.]
     
     
317. Vowles, D. M. (1954). "The orientation of ants. I. The substitution of stimuli." J. Exper. Biol. 31: 341-355.
     Ориентация муравьев Lasius niger, Myrmica laevinodis, Myrmica ruginodis.
     
     
318. Vowles, D. M. (1954). "The orientation of ants. II. Orientation to light, gravity, and polarized light." J. Exper. Biol. 31: 356-375.
     Ориентация муравьев Formica rufa, Myrmica laevinodis, Myrmica ruginodis.
     
     
319. Wardlaw, J. C. (1991). "Techniques for rearing Myrmica ants (Hym.) and Maculinea rebeli Hir. caterpillars (Lep., Lycaenidae)." Entomol. Mon. Mag. 127: 233-241. Wardlaw, J. C. (1995). "The effect of carbon dioxide on egg production in Myrmica rubra." Insect. Soc. 42: 325-328.
     
     
320. Wardlaw, J. C. and G. W. Elmes (1995). "Trophic eggs laid by fertile Myrmica queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 42: 303-308.
     
     
321. Wardlaw, J. C. and G. W. Elmes (1996). "Exceptional colony size in Myrmica species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomologist 115: 191-196.
     
     
322. Wardlaw, J. C. and G. W. Elmes (1998). "Variability in oviposition by workers of six species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 45: 369-384.
     
     
323. Wardlaw, J. C., G. W. Elmes, et J. A. Thomas (1998). "Techniques for studying Maculinea butterflies: I. Rearing maculinea caterpillars with myrmica ants in the laboratory." J. Insect Conser. 2: 79-84.
     
     
324. Wardlaw, J. C., G. W. Elmes, et J. A. Thomas (1998). "Techniques for studying Maculinea butterflies: II. Identification guide to Myrmica ants found on Maculinea sites in Europe." J. Insect Conser. 2: 119-127.
     
     
325. Wardlaw, J. C., J. A. Thomas, et G. W. Elmes, (2000). "Do Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide vestigial mutualistic benefits to ants when living as social parasites inside Myrmica ant nests?" Entomol. Exp. Appl. 95: 97-103.
     
     
326. Wasmann, E. (1910). "Nachtrage zum sozialen Parasitismus und der Sklaverei bei den Ameisen. [part]." Biol. Centralbl. 30: 515-524.
     
     
327. Weber, N.A. (1947) A revision of the North American Ants of the Genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palaearctic Species. 1. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 40, 437–474.
     Ревизия муравьев рода Северной Америки в трех частях с описанием всех видов и определителем с иллюстрациями.
     
     
328. Weber, N. A. (1948). "A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. II." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 41: 267-308.
     
     
329. Weber, N. A. (1950). "A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. III." Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 43: 189-226.
     
     
330. Weir, J. S. (1957). "The functional anatomy of the mid-gut of larvae of the ant, Myrmica." Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 98: 499-506.
     
     
331. Weir, J. S. (1958). "The effect of temperature variation on queen oviposition and colony foundation in Myrmica." J. Insect Physiol. 1: 352-360.
     
     
332. Weir, J. S. (1958). "Polyethism in workers of the ant Myrmica, I." Insect. Soc. 5: 97-128.
     
     
333. Weir, J. S. (1959). "Egg masses and early larval growth in Myrmica." Insect. Soc. 6: 187-201.
     
     
334. Wheeler, W. M. (1907). "Notes on a new guest-ant, Leptothorax glacialis, and the varieties of Myrmica brevinodis Emery." Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 70-83.
     
     
335. Wheeler, W. M. (1908). "A European ant (Myrmica levinodis) introduced into Massachusetts." J. Econ. Entomol. 1: 337-339.
     
     
336. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1953 ("1952")). "The ant larvae of the myrmicine tribe Myrmicini." Psyche 59: 105-125.
     
     
337. Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler (1959). "The larva of Paramyrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 34: 219-220.
     
     
338. Wilson, E. O. (1984). "Tropical social parasites in the ant genus Pheidole, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Insect. Soc. 31: 316-334.
     Поскольку социальные паразиты редки в тропиках, то любая находка их там вызывает особый интерес. Описаны 2 новых вида из Индии, вероятно паразиты на Pheidole indica (P. lanuginosa, P. parasitica), while a previously known northers South American form, P. microgyna Wheeler, is redescribed and evaluated as a possible parasite of P. minutula or a closely related host species. Next, all of the nine certain or likely social parasites of Pheidole known worldwide are compared, and an anatomical parasitic syndrome is identified through character state analysis. The nine species appear to be independently evolved. the parasitic character states have tended to evolve within each of these species at different rates, and hence the evolution is interpreted as having been not only parallel among species but mosaic in nature within species (see table I). In spite of the lesser irregularities in this pattern, an overall trend is evident: the first changes to occur were loss of the worker caste (a loss still incomplete in the overall slightly modified P. inquilina), reduction of size, lengthening of the scape, reduction of sculpturing on the body surface, and broadening of the postpetiole. These shifts were followedby reduction of the mandibles and the segments of the funiculus. The genera Anergatides and Bruchomyrma, each based on a single extremely advanced species, are placed in synonymy under Pheidole. The problematic genera Hagioxenus, parapheidole, and Sifolinia are compared with Pheidole and their status evaluated. The greater known diversity of parasitic ants in the temperate zones, as compared with the tropics, remains a key problem in the study of ant evolution. Whether the difference is genuine or an artifact of differential sampling cannot be determined until more intensive collecting is undertaken in the tropics.
     
     
339. Woyciechowski, M. (1990). "Mating behaviour in the ant Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Acta Zool. Cracov. 33: 565-574.
     
     
340. Yarrow, I. H. H. (1955). "The type species of the ant genus Myrmica Latreille." Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London Ser. B Taxon. 24: 113-115.
     
     
341. Yarrow, I. H. H. (1968). "Sifolinia laurae Emery 1907, a workerless parasitic ant new to Britain (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Entomologist 101: 236-240.
     
     
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